sexta-feira, junho 22, 2018
Cyndi Lauper - 65 anos!
Postado por Fernando Martins às 06:50 0 bocas
Marcadores: actriz, Cyndi Lauper, música, new wave, pop, Rock, soul, True Colors
Galileu foi condenado pela Inquisição há 385 anos
Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages. He took Augustine's position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally, particularly when the scripture in question is a book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history. He believed that the writers of the Scripture merely wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, from that vantage point that the sun does rise and set. Another way to put this is that the writers would have been writing from a phenomenological point of view, or style. So Galileo claimed that science did not contradict Scripture, as Scripture was discussing a different kind of "movement" of the earth, and not rotations.
By 1616 the attacks on the ideas of Copernicus had reached a head, and Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade Catholic Church authorities not to ban Copernicus' ideas. In the end, a decree of the Congregation of the Index was issued, declaring that the ideas that the Sun stood still and that the Earth moved were "false" and "altogether contrary to Holy Scripture", and suspending Copernicus's De Revolutionibus until it could be corrected. Acting on instructions from the Pope before the decree was issued, Cardinal Bellarmine informed Galileo that it was forthcoming, that the ideas it condemned could not be "defended or held", and ordered him to abandon them. Galileo promised to obey. Bellarmine's instruction did not prohibit Galileo from discussing heliocentrism as a mathematical fiction but was dangerously ambiguous as to whether he could treat it as a physical possibility. For the next several years Galileo stayed well away from the controversy. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616. The book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was published in 1632, with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission.
Dava Sobel explains that during this time, Urban had begun to fall more and more under the influence of court intrigue and problems of state. His friendship with Galileo began to take second place to his feelings of persecution and fear for his own life. At this low point in Urban's life, the problem of Galileo was presented to the pope by court insiders and enemies of Galileo. Coming on top of the recent claim by the then Spanish cardinal that Urban was soft on defending the church, he reacted out of anger and fear. This situation did not bode well for Galileo's defence of his book.
Earlier, Pope Urban VIII had personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. He made another request, that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book. Only the latter of those requests was fulfilled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian Geocentric view in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. Indeed, although Galileo states in the preface of his book that the character is named after a famous Aristotelian philosopher (Simplicius in Latin, Simplicio in Italian), the name "Simplicio" in Italian also has the connotation of "simpleton". This portrayal of Simplicio made Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems appear as an advocacy book: an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defence of the Copernican theory. Unfortunately for his relationship with the Pope, Galileo put the words of Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book. However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the Copernican advocacy. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.
In September 1632, Galileo was ordered to come to Rome to stand trial. He finally arrived in February 1633 and was brought before inquisitor Vincenzo Maculani to be charged. Throughout his trial Galileo steadfastly maintained that since 1616 he had faithfully kept his promise not to hold any of the condemned opinions, and initially he denied even defending them. However, he was eventually persuaded to admit that, contrary to his true intention, a reader of his Dialogue could well have obtained the impression that it was intended to be a defence of Copernicanism. In view of Galileo's rather implausible denial that he had ever held Copernican ideas after 1616 or ever intended to defend them in the Dialogue, his final interrogation, in July 1633, concluded with his being threatened with torture if he did not tell the truth, but he maintained his denial despite the threat. The sentence of the Inquisition was delivered on June 22. It was in three essential parts:
- Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.
- He was sentenced to formal imprisonment at the pleasure of the Inquisition. On the following day this was commuted to house arrest, which he remained under for the rest of his life.
- His offending Dialogue was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.
After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence in 1634, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest. Galileo was ordered to read the seven penitential psalms once a week for the next three years. However his daughter Maria Celeste relieved him of the burden after securing ecclesiastical permission to take it upon herself. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, Two New Sciences. Here he summarised work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. This book has received high praise from Albert Einstein. As a result of this work, Galileo is often called the "father of modern physics". He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia, so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice.
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:38 0 bocas
Marcadores: astronomia, Galileu, Galileu Galilei, heliocentrismo, Igreja Católica, Inquisição
Duffy - 34 anos
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:34 0 bocas
Marcadores: blue-eyed soul, Duffy, Mercy, música, neo-soul, pop, Reino Unido, soft rock
quinta-feira, junho 21, 2018
Poema alusivo à data
Poema da sombra mínima
De um mesmo corpo o Sol projecta sombras
de diferentes tamanhos e contornos.
Quando atinge o seu zénite, o mais alto,
aquele seu mais alto que é possível,
quase não tenho sombra,
quase a busco,
quase não a descubro de acanhada.
Glória ao Sol na alturas!
Ó alegria da sombra mínima!
Eu canto, eu rio, eu sonho, eu estendo os braços,
eu com os dedos afago.
Falam-me as pedras, sorriem-me as paredes
e à beira dos meus passos se desenham
os novelos de luz, os véus, as plumas,
aqueles rolos breves e translúcidos
com que sobem ao céu, nas telas quinhentistas,
os bem-aventurados.
Ó alegria da sombra mínima!
Já não me cansa o que lá vai no tempo.
Já não me cansa o que há-de vir depois.
A sombra existe sempre
mas quando o Sol me banha do seu alto,
ó alegria das alegrias!,
eu canto, eu rio, eu sonho,eu estendo os braços,
eu com os dedos afago.
in Novos Poemas Póstumos (1990) - António Gedeão
Postado por Fernando Martins às 10:07 0 bocas
Marcadores: António Gedeão, poesia, Solstício, sombra mínima, Verão
Benazir Bhutto nasceu há 65 anos
O ataque ocorreu enquanto o carro da ex-primeira-ministra andava lentamente, seguido por simpatizantes, e Benazir acenava para a multidão, pelo teto aberto do veículo. Bhutto foi alvejada no pescoço e no peito, possivelmente por um homem bomba que, em seguida, se explodiu próximo ao veículo, provocando a morte de cerca de 20 pessoas. Um dirigente da Al-Qaeda no Afeganistão reivindicou a responsabilidade pelo ato.
Postado por Fernando Martins às 06:50 0 bocas
Marcadores: Al-Qaeda, assassinato, atentado, Benazir Bhutto, Islão, Muhammad Zia Ul-Haq, Paquistão, Partido Popular do Paquistão, PPP, primeiro-ministro, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Rimsky-Korsakov morreu há 110 anos
Postado por Fernando Martins às 01:10 0 bocas
Marcadores: Dance of the Tumblers, Grupo dos Cinco, música, música clássica, Rimsky-Korsakov, Rússia
O Papa Paulo VI foi eleito há 55 anos
Brasão do Papa Paulo VI
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:55 0 bocas
Marcadores: Concílio Vaticano II, Habemus Papam, Igreja Católica, Papa, Papa Paulo VI, Paulo VI
quarta-feira, junho 20, 2018
Chino Moreno, vocalista, compositor e guitarrista dos Deftones, fez hoje 45 anos
Postado por Fernando Martins às 23:45 0 bocas
Marcadores: Change (In The House Of Flies), Chino Moreno, Deftones, Metal Alternativo, música, Rock alternativo, rock experimental
O ator André Valli morreu há dez anos
O músico Eric Dolphy nasceu há noventa anos
Postado por Fernando Martins às 09:00 0 bocas
Marcadores: avant-garde jazz, Eric Dolphy, free jazz, jazz, música, post-bop, third stream
O ator Danny Aiello faz hoje 85 anos
Postado por Fernando Martins às 08:50 0 bocas
Marcadores: actor, cinema, Danny Aiello
O Conde de Barcelona nasceu há 105 anos
Postado por Fernando Martins às 01:05 0 bocas
Marcadores: Borbons, Conde de Barcelona, Espanha, Juan Carlos I, Juan de Borbón, Monarquia Constitucional
O rapper Prodigy morreu há um ano
terça-feira, junho 19, 2018
Nick Drake nasceu há setenta anos
Postado por Fernando Martins às 07:00 0 bocas
Marcadores: Day is Done, folk, música, Nick Drake
James Gandolfini morreu há cinco anos
Postado por Fernando Martins às 05:00 2 bocas
Marcadores: actor, cinema, James Gandolfini, Máfia, televisão, The Sopranos
Macklemore - 35 anos!
Postado por Fernando Martins às 03:50 0 bocas
Marcadores: alternative hip hop, comedy hip hop, Good Old Days, hip hop, Kesha, Macklemore, música
Zoe Saldaña faz hoje quarenta anos
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:40 0 bocas
Marcadores: actriz, cinema, Zoe Saldaña
O Garfield faz hoje quarenta anos...!
- A tira ironiza pessoas que transformam os animais de estimação nos "donos da casa". Também mostra um gato atuando como homem (inclusive, andando em 2 patas) e enfrentando problemas humanos (dieta, tédio, aversão às segundas-feiras etc.).
- Em 1980, Jim Davis redesenhou Garfield, com olhos ovais e barriga menor, dando como justificativa uma dieta forçada.
- Em 1981, Davis criou a Paws, Inc., a empresa responsável pelos direitos da tirinha e os produtos licenciados. A empresa fica na cidade natal de Davis, Muncie, Indiana. A Paws também possui a equipe de artistas que desenha as tiras de banda desenhada, que é apenas escrita por Davis atualmente.
- Em 1982, Garfield estrelou um especial de TV chamado Aí vem Garfield. Outros onze especiais foram feitos até 1991; uma série animada, Garfield e Seus Amigos, foi produzida entre 1988 e 1995.
- Em 7 de junho de 1999, a tira de banda desenhada tornou-se colorida.
- Em 2004, foi lançado Garfield, o Filme, que usou um Garfield criado por computação gráfica e dobrado por Bill Murray (a versão brasileira é dobrada pelo ator Antônio Calloni). Um segundo longa-metragem, Garfield 2, foi lançado em 2006.
- Em 2007 foi lançado em DVD um filme chamado Garfield Gets Real em desenho de computação gráfica, baseado nos quadrinhos. Dessa vez, o dobrador foi Marco Antônio Abreu.
- Em 2008 foi lançado outro filme, que o título original é Garfield Fun Fest, que também foi em computação gráfica. Foi lançado nos cinemas em alguns países (como no Brasil, com o título A Festa do Garfield).
- Em 2009, foi lançada uma segunda série animada, O Show do Garfield, desta vez em computação gráfica, e um 3º filme, chamado Garfield Pet Force.