sábado, julho 18, 2026
Eugene Shoemaker morreu há 29 anos...
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:29 0 comentários
Marcadores: astroblemas, astrogeologia, astronomia, Cometa Shoemaker-Levy 9, crateras de impacto, Eugene Shoemaker, Geologia
sexta-feira, julho 17, 2026
Georges Lemaître, o padre católico que era astrónomo e físico, nasceu há 132 anos
Postado por Fernando Martins às 01:32 0 comentários
Marcadores: astronomia, big bang, Física, Georges Lemaître, Igreja Católica
Henri Poincaré morreu há 114 anos
Postado por Fernando Martins às 01:14 0 comentários
Marcadores: astronomia, Física, França, Henri Poincaré, Matemática
quinta-feira, julho 16, 2026
A Apollo XI partiu, rumo à Lua, há 57 anos...
Eu acredito que esta nação deve comprometer-se em alcançar a meta, antes do final desta década, de pousar um homem na Lua e trazê-lo de volta à Terra em segurança"
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SONHO
Um dia os homens acordaram
e estava tudo diferente
das armas atómicas nem sinal havia
e todos falavam a mesma língua
falavam poesia
quem visse a Terra do alto
nem reconheceria
eram campos e campos de trigo
e corações de puro mel
e foi uma felicidade tamanha
nos jornais nem um só crime
que contando ninguém acreditaria.
in Lições de Astronomia (1985) - Roseana Murray
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:57 0 comentários
Marcadores: Apollo XI, astronautas, astronomia, foguetão, Guerra Fria, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Lua, NASA, poesia, programa Apollo, Roseana Murray, Saturno V
terça-feira, julho 14, 2026
A sonda New Horizons chegou a Plutão há onze anos

Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:11 0 comentários
Marcadores: astronomia, Caronte, Cérbero, Cintura de Kuiper, Estige, Hydra, NASA, New Horizons, Nix, Plutão, sonda espacial, sondas
sábado, julho 11, 2026
Estige, uma pequena lua de Plutão, foi descoberta há catorze anos
As pequenas luas de Plutão, numa escala aproximada, comparadas com Caronte
Animation of moons of Pluto around the barycenter of Pluto - Ecliptic plane
Front view
Side view
in Wikipédia
Postado por Fernando Martins às 01:14 0 comentários
Marcadores: astronomia, Estige, planeta anão, Plutão, S/2012 P 1
terça-feira, julho 07, 2026
Giuseppe Piazzi nasceu há 280 anos

in Wikipédia
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:28 0 comentários
Marcadores: asteróide, astronomia, Ceres, Giuseppe Piazzi, Igreja Católica, Itália, planeta anão
segunda-feira, julho 06, 2026
A Terra chegou ao afélio - o ponto da sua órbita em que fica mais afastada do Sol...!
in Wikipédia

(imagem daqui)
NOTA: hoje, às 17.31 horas, a Terra chegou ao ponto mais afastado do Sol da sua órbita, girando em torno do Sol à mínima velocidade, de acordo com a Segunda Lei de Kepler. Aproveitamos tal facto para recordar que as estações não têm nada a ver com a distância da Terra ao Sol (de outro modo estaríamos agora no inverno...) e sim com com o facto do eixo de rotação da Terra ser inclinado em relação ao plano orbital; assim, em qualquer momento, uma parte do planeta estará mais diretamente exposta aos raios do Sol do que outra.
Postado por Fernando Martins às 17:31 0 comentários
Marcadores: afélio, astronomia, periélio, Sol
sábado, julho 04, 2026
A Supernova do Caranguejo tornou-se visível há 972 anos...
Postado por Fernando Martins às 09:07 0 comentários
Marcadores: astronomia, M1, Nebulosa do Caranguejo, nebulosas, pulsares, supernova
Henrietta Swan Leavitt nasceu há 158 anos
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Postado por Fernando Martins às 01:58 0 comentários
Marcadores: astrofísica, astrofotografia, astronomia, cefeidas, cosmologia, estrelas variáveis, Henrietta Swan Leavitt, magnitude (brilho)
A Mars Pathfinder (com a Sojourner...) chegou a Marte há 29 anos


in Wikipédia
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:29 0 comentários
Marcadores: astronomia, Carl Sagan, JPL, Mars Pathfinder, NASA, planetologia, Sojourner, sonda espacial, sondas
A sonda Deep Impact chocou contra o cometa 9P/Tempel 1 há vinte e um anos
Concepção artística mostra a Deep Impact e a Impactor ao fundo

Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:21 0 comentários
Marcadores: 9P/Tempel 1, astronomia, cometa, Deep Impact, JPL, NASA, sondas
terça-feira, junho 30, 2026
Os três cosmonautas da missão Soyuz 11 morreram há 55 anos...
Soyuz 11 (russo: Союз 11, União 11) foi a segunda tentativa e a primeira visita bem sucedida à primeira estação espacial do mundo, a Salyut 1. A missão, entretanto, terminou em tragédia, com a morte dos três tripulantes, por asfixia, após a reentrada na atmosfera terrestre.
- Georgi Dobrovolski - Comandante
- Vladislav Volkov - Engenheiro de voo
- Viktor Patsayev - Engenheiro de testes
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:55 0 comentários
Marcadores: acidente, astronautas, astronomia, cosmonauta, Estação Espacial, Salyut 1, Soyuz 11, URSS
Hoje é o Dia Internacional do Asteroide...!
O Dia Internacional dos Asteroides celebra-se anualmente a 30 de junho, data que corresponde ao aniversário do impacto de um asteroide sobre Tungusta, Sibéria, a 30 de junho de 1908.
Estes objetos, quando próximos da Terra, podem representar uma ameaça de impacto. Desta possibilidade, embora remota, decorre a necessidade de planear e tentar, dentro do possível, a sua prevenção. São, assim, necessárias ações de carácter cooperativo no interesse da segurança pública para poder proteger o planeta destas situações.
2029 - Ano Internacional de Sensibilização para os Asteroides e Defesa Planetária
A 13 de abril de 2029, o asteroide «99942 Apophis» passará, em segurança, a uma distância de cerca de 32.000 quilómetros acima da superfície da Terra, dentro da órbita geoestacionária, não representando qualquer ameaça para o planeta. Esta aproximação fará com que o asteroide seja visível a olho nu para milhares de milhões de pessoas no céu noturno.
Este será um acontecimento único no milénio e uma ocasião única para uma campanha mundial de sensibilização para os asteroides, o seu valor científico e em termos de recursos e o perigo potencial que representam.
Assim, em 2024, a Assembleia Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) declarou que 2029 seria «Ano Internacional da Sensibilização para os Asteroides e da Defesa Planetária». Esta iniciativa visa destacar os esforços na atenuação dos potenciais perigos dos objetos próximos da Terra, proporcionando simultaneamente uma oportunidade para uma campanha educativa global.
Este Dia foi proclamado através da Resolução 71/90, adotada na Assembleia Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas de 6 de dezembro de 2016.
in EuroCid
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:00 0 comentários
Marcadores: asteróide, astronomia, Dia Internacional do Asteroide, evento de Tunguska, impactismo
sexta-feira, junho 26, 2026
O astrónomo Messier nasceu há 296 anos
Nebulosa do Caranguejo (M1), o primeiro objeto do Catálogo Messier
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:29 0 comentários
Marcadores: aglomerados estelares, astronomia, Charles Messier, Cometas, França, galáxia, M1, Messier, nebulosas, objectos de Messier
segunda-feira, junho 22, 2026
O Real Observatório de Greenwich faz hoje 351 anos

The Royal Observatory, Greenwich (ROG; known as the Old Royal Observatory from 1957 to 1998, when the working Royal Greenwich Observatory, RGO, temporarily moved south from Greenwich to Herstmonceux) is an observatory situated on a hill in Greenwich Park in south east London, overlooking the River Thames to the north. It played a major role in the history of astronomy and navigation, and because the Prime Meridian passed through it, it gave its name to Greenwich Mean Time, the precursor to today's Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The ROG has the IAU observatory code of 000, the first in the list. ROG, the National Maritime Museum, the Queen's House and the clipper ship Cutty Sark are collectively designated Royal Museums Greenwich.
The observatory was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, with the foundation stone being laid on 10 August. The old hilltop site of Greenwich Castle was chosen by Sir Christopher Wren, a former Savilian Professor of Astronomy; as Greenwich Park was a royal estate, no new land needed to be bought. At that time the king also created the position of Astronomer Royal, to serve as the director of the observatory and to "apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation." He appointed John Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal. The building was completed in the summer of 1676. The building was often called "Flamsteed House", in reference to its first occupant.
The scientific work of the observatory was relocated elsewhere in stages in the first half of the 20th century, and the Greenwich site is now maintained almost exclusively as a museum, although the AMAT telescope became operational for astronomical research in 2018.

Chronology
- 1675 – 22 June, Royal Observatory founded by King Charles II.
- 1675 – 10 August, construction began.
- 1714 Longitude Act established the Board of Longitude and Longitude rewards. The Astronomer Royal was, until the Board was dissolved in 1828, always an ex officio Commissioner of Longitude.
- 1767 The fifth Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne began publication of The Nautical Almanac, based on observations made at the Observatory.
- 1818 Oversight of the Royal Observatory was transferred from the Board of Ordnance to the Board of Admiralty; at that time the observatory was charged with maintaining the Royal Navy's marine chronometers.
- 1833 Daily time signals began, marked by dropping a time ball.
- 1838 – Sheepshanks equatorial, a 6.7 inches (170 mm) aperture refracting telescope installed.
- 1852 Time signals were distributed through telegraph lines.
- 1884 The International Meridian Conference in Washington D.C. decides that the Greenwich Prime Meridian should be the Prime meridian for the whole world, which it remains for a century.
- 1893 – The 28-inch Great refractor installed.
- 1899 The New Physical Observatory (now known as the South Building) was completed.
- 1924 Hourly time signals (Greenwich Time Signal) from the Royal Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February.
- 1931 Yapp telescope ordered.
- 1948 Office of the Astronomer Royal was moved to Herstmonceux in East Sussex.
- 1957 Royal Observatory completed its move to Herstmonceux, becoming the Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO). The Greenwich site was renamed the Old Royal Observatory.
- 1984 The IERS Reference Meridian replaces the Greenwich Meridian as the Prime Meridian for the world. Its location is closely related to its predecessor, but runs approximately 102 metres east of it.
- 1990 RGO moved to Cambridge.
- 1998 RGO closed. Greenwich site was returned to its original name, the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and was made part of the National Maritime Museum.
- 2011 The Greenwich museums, including the ROG, became collectively the Royal Museums Greenwich.
in Wikipédia
Postado por Fernando Martins às 03:51 0 comentários
Marcadores: astronomia, Carlos II, Greenwich, Inglaterra, meridiano de Greenwich
A Inquisição condenou Galileu há 393 anos...
Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages. He took Augustine's position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally, particularly when the scripture in question is a book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history. He believed that the writers of the Scripture merely wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, from that vantage point that the sun does rise and set. Another way to put this is that the writers would have been writing from a phenomenological point of view, or style. So Galileo claimed that science did not contradict Scripture, as Scripture was discussing a different kind of "movement" of the earth, and not rotations.
By 1616 the attacks on the ideas of Copernicus had reached a head, and Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade Catholic Church authorities not to ban Copernicus' ideas. In the end, a decree of the Congregation of the Index was issued, declaring that the ideas that the Sun stood still and that the Earth moved were "false" and "altogether contrary to Holy Scripture", and suspending Copernicus's De Revolutionibus until it could be corrected. Acting on instructions from the Pope before the decree was issued, Cardinal Bellarmine informed Galileo that it was forthcoming, that the ideas it condemned could not be "defended or held", and ordered him to abandon them. Galileo promised to obey. Bellarmine's instruction did not prohibit Galileo from discussing heliocentrism as a mathematical fiction but was dangerously ambiguous as to whether he could treat it as a physical possibility. For the next several years Galileo stayed well away from the controversy. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616. The book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was published in 1632, with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission.
Dava Sobel explains that during this time, Urban had begun to fall more and more under the influence of court intrigue and problems of state. His friendship with Galileo began to take second place to his feelings of persecution and fear for his own life. At this low point in Urban's life, the problem of Galileo was presented to the pope by court insiders and enemies of Galileo. Coming on top of the recent claim by the then Spanish cardinal that Urban was soft on defending the church, he reacted out of anger and fear. This situation did not bode well for Galileo's defence of his book.
Earlier, Pope Urban VIII had personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. He made another request, that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book. Only the latter of those requests was fulfilled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian Geocentric view in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. Indeed, although Galileo states in the preface of his book that the character is named after a famous Aristotelian philosopher (Simplicius in Latin, Simplicio in Italian), the name "Simplicio" in Italian also has the connotation of "simpleton". This portrayal of Simplicio made Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems appear as an advocacy book: an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defence of the Copernican theory. Unfortunately for his relationship with the Pope, Galileo put the words of Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book. However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the Copernican advocacy. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.
In September 1632, Galileo was ordered to come to Rome to stand trial. He finally arrived in February 1633 and was brought before inquisitor Vincenzo Maculani to be charged. Throughout his trial Galileo steadfastly maintained that since 1616 he had faithfully kept his promise not to hold any of the condemned opinions, and initially he denied even defending them. However, he was eventually persuaded to admit that, contrary to his true intention, a reader of his Dialogue could well have obtained the impression that it was intended to be a defence of Copernicanism. In view of Galileo's rather implausible denial that he had ever held Copernican ideas after 1616 or ever intended to defend them in the Dialogue, his final interrogation, in July 1633, concluded with his being threatened with torture if he did not tell the truth, but he maintained his denial despite the threat. The sentence of the Inquisition was delivered on June 22. It was in three essential parts:
- Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.
- He was sentenced to formal imprisonment at the pleasure of the Inquisition. On the following day this was commuted to house arrest, which he remained under for the rest of his life.
- His offending Dialogue was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.
After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence in 1634, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest. Galileo was ordered to read the seven penitential psalms once a week for the next three years. However his daughter Maria Celeste relieved him of the burden after securing ecclesiastical permission to take it upon herself. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, Two New Sciences. Here he summarised work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. This book has received high praise from Albert Einstein. As a result of this work, Galileo is often called the "father of modern physics". He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia, so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice.
Postado por Fernando Martins às 00:39 0 comentários
Marcadores: astronomia, Galileu, Galileu Galilei, heliocentrismo, Igreja Católica, Inquisição







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