O sismo de Loma Prieta foi há trinta anos

Date	October 17, 1989
Origin time	5:04:15 PDT
Duration	8 – 15 seconds
Magnitude	6.9 Mw
Depth	19 km (12 mi)
Epicenter	37.04°N 121.88°W
Type	Oblique slip
Areas affected	Central Coast (California) San Francisco Bay Area United States
Total damage	$5.6 – 6 billion
Max. intensity	IX (Violent)
Peak acceleration	.65g (at epicenter)
Tsunami	Yes
Landslides	1,000 – 4,000
Foreshocks	5.3 ML June 27, 1988 5.4 ML August 8, 1989
Casualties	63 killed, 3,757 injured

The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred in northern California on October 17 at 5:04 p.m. local time. The shock was centered in a sparsely populated area approximately 10 mi (16 km) northeast of Santa Cruz on a section of the San Andreas Fault System and was named for the nearby Loma Prieta peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains. With a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), and a moment magnitude of 6.9, the shock was responsible for 63 deaths and 3,757 injuries in the affected areas. Damage was heavy in Santa Cruz County and less so to the south in Monterey County, but effects extended well to the north (and further from the epicenter) into the San Francisco Bay Area, both on the San Francisco Peninsula and across the bay in Oakland.
The Loma Prieta (or southern Santa Cruz Mountains) segment of the San Andreas Fault System had been undergoing a long period of quiescence until several moderate foreshocks occurred in June 1988 and again in August 1989. The foreshocks were of significance because that segment of the San Andreas Fault System had been so quiet that it had been labeled a seismic gap. No large earthquake had occurred in that region since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. No surface faulting occurred, though a large number of other ground failures and landslides occurred, especially in the Summit area of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Liquefaction was also a significant issue, especially in the heavily damaged Marina District of San Francisco, but its effects were also seen in the East Bay, and near the shore of Monterey Bay, where a non-destructive tsunami was also observed. Abundant strong motion records were captured due to a large number of seismometers that were operating in the region.
Due to the sports coverage of the 1989 World Series, it became the first major earthquake in the United States that was broadcast live on national television. Rush-hour traffic on the Bay Area freeways was lighter than normal due to nearly 62,000 people present at the game at Candlestick Park in San Francisco, and this may have prevented a larger loss of life, as several of the Bay Area's major transportation structures suffered catastrophic failures. A section of the double-deck Nimitz Freeway that collapsed in Oakland was the site of the single largest number of casualties for the event, but the collapse of man-made structures and other related accidents contributed to casualties occurring in San Francisco, Los Altos, and Santa Cruz.
 

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Brian Wilson, o fundador dos Beach Boys, faz hoje 75 anos!

 Brian Wilson atuando em janeiro de 2007

Brian Douglas Wilson (20 de junho de 1942, Hawthorne, Califórnia) é um músico dos Estados Unidos.

Foi o fundador, em 1961, dos Beach Boys, e o principal compositor americano na década de 60 e um dos músicos mais criativos da música popular do século XX. Juntamente com os seus irmãos Dennis e Carl Wilson, o primo Mike Love e o amigo Alan Jardine, interpretou músicas que fazem parte da história do rock.

A sua vida foi bastante conturbada. Teve uma infância problemática, sendo reprimido pelo pai, Murry Wilson, levando tareias deste e procurando refúgio na música. Era apaixonado por jazz e The Four Freshmen, enquanto seu irmão mais novo Carl era aficionado pela guitarra de Chuck Berry. Dennis Wilson, irmão do meio, surfava nas praias californianas e arranhava na bateria no início, enquanto seu primo Mike Love cantava no coral da igreja. Esta seria a espinha dorsal dos Beach Boys.

As primeiras composições de Brian surgiram depois que Dennis descreveu-lhe a sensação de como era surfar ondas (curiosamente, Brian nunca o fez) e falavam apenas de carros, corridas de carros e de surf e praia. Depois veio a fase das músicas de raparigas. "I Get Around", a primeira música dos BB's a atingir o topo das paradas norte-americanas, foi, segundo o próprio Brian, o ponto de transição das composições despretensiosas e adolescentes para um trabalho mais rico harmornicamente, mais complexo, mais artístico, embora desde o início e nos primeiros álbuns o grupo já mostre a sua boa qualidade e inovação dos estilos experimentais para a época como, o surf rock e o rock instrumental, estilos estes também influentes para a Invasão Britânica.

A maturidade harmónica e musical de Brian começou a ser notada em músicas como "California Girls", "Help me Rhonda", além das canções dos álbuns "Today!" e "Summer Days (and Summer Nights)". Depois de ouvir o "Rubber Soul", dos Beatles, Brian decidiu compor um álbum bom do início ao fim, como ele achou que o "Rubber Soul" era. A partir de então, começou um projeto audacioso, que contaria com a participação dos melhores músicos de Los Angeles e com a parceria de Tony Asher pondo letras em algumas das canções feitas por Brian, além de vocais que mais pareciam de anjos, como era o do Beach Boys.

Lançado a 16 de maio de 1966, o "Pet Sounds" é um marco na história da música pop contemporânea. Inovador, está à frente de seu tempo e é, sempre que são feitas listas dos melhores álbuns de todos os tempos, colocado como tal. A revista MOJO, em 1995, classificou o "Pet Sounds" como o melhor álbum de todos os tempos. A revista "Rolling Stone", em 2004, o classificou como o 2ª melhor álbum de todos os tempos, a seguir de Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, dos Beatles. Muitos discordam dessa lista, alegando que o Pet Sounds é superior ao Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band tanto tecnicamente quanto musicalmente.

 

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Há 25 anos, o sismo de Loma Prieta mostrou à Califórnia que não se brinca com risco sísmico

1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

Santa Cruz Oakland Salinas
Date	October 17, 1989
Origin time	5:04:15 PDT
Duration	8 – 15 seconds
Magnitude	6.9 Mw
Depth	19 km (12 mi)
Epicenter	37.04°N 121.88°WCoordinates: 37.04°N 121.88°W
Type	Oblique slip
Areas affected	Central Coast (California) San Francisco Bay Area United States
Total damage	$5.6 – 6 billion
Max. intensity	IX (Violent)
Peak acceleration	.65g (at epicenter)
Tsunami	Yes
Landslides	1,000 – 4,000
Foreshocks	5.3 ML June 27, 1988 5.4 ML August 8, 1989
Casualties	63 killed, 3,757 injured

The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred in northern California on October 17 at 5:04 p.m. local time. The shock was centered in a sparsely populated area approximately 10 mi (16 km) northeast of Santa Cruz on a section of the San Andreas Fault System and was named for the nearby Loma Prieta peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains. With a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), and a moment magnitude of 6.9, the shock was responsible for 63 deaths and 3,757 injuries in the affected areas. Damage was heavy in Santa Cruz County and less so to the south in Monterey County, but effects extended well to the north (and further from the epicenter) into the San Francisco Bay Area, both on the San Francisco Peninsula and across the bay in Oakland.
The Loma Prieta (or southern Santa Cruz Mountains) segment of the San Andreas Fault System had been undergoing a long period of quiescence until several moderate foreshocks occurred in June 1988 and again in August 1989. The foreshocks were of significance because that segment of the San Andreas Fault System had been so quiet that it had been labeled a seismic gap. No large earthquake had occurred in that region since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. No surface faulting occurred, though a large number of other ground failures and landslides occurred, especially in the Summit area of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Liquefaction was also a significant issue, especially in the heavily damaged Marina District of San Francisco, but its effects were also seen in the East Bay, and near the shore of Monterey Bay, where a non-destructive tsunami was also observed. Abundant strong motion records were captured due to a large number of seismometers that were operating in the region.
Due to the sports coverage of the 1989 World Series, it became the first major earthquake in the United States that was broadcast live on national television. Rush-hour traffic on the Bay Area freeways was lighter than normal due to nearly 62,000 people present at the game at Candlestick Park in San Francisco, and this may have prevented a larger loss of life, as several of the Bay Area's major transportation structures suffered catastrophic failures. A section of the double-deck Nimitz Freeway that collapsed in Oakland was the site of the single largest number of casualties for the event, but the collapse of man-made structures and other related accidents contributed to casualties occurring in San Francisco, Los Altos, and Santa Cruz.

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Anthony Kiedis, o vocalista dos Red Hot Chili Peppers, faz hoje 51 anos

Anthony Kiedis (Grand Rapids, 1 de novembro de 1962) é um cantor norte-americano, mais conhecido como vocalista, principal letrista e co-fundador da banda californiana Red Hot Chili Peppers. Kiedis passou sua juventude em Grand Rapids, Michigan com a sua mãe, antes de se mudar, pouco antes de fazer 12 anos, para Hollywood, Califórnia, para viver com o seu pai. Após o ensino secundário, Kiedis começou a ter aulas na UCLA, mas desistiu após perder o interesse devido ao abuso de drogas. Após abandonar a universidade, Kiedis recebeu uma oferta para ser vocalista num show da banda local, que era de alguns dos seus amigos, Flea, Hillel Slovak e Jack Irons, e que se tornaria os Red Hot Chili Peppers. Em 2004, Kiedis lançou a sua autobiografia intitulada Scar Tissue, e, em 2009, foi homenageado pelo 5th Annual MusiCares MAP Fund Benefit Concert, em Los Angeles, Califórnia.

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Há 23 anos, o sismo de Loma Prieta afetou a cidade de S. Francisco

The Loma Prieta earthquake, also known as the Quake of '89 and the World Series Earthquake was a major earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay Area of California on October 17, 1989, at 5:04 pm local time. Caused by a slip along the San Andreas Fault, the quake lasted 10–15 seconds and measured 6.9 both on the moment magnitude scale (surface-wave magnitude 7.1) and on the open-ended Richter Scale. The quake killed 63 people throughout northern California, injured 3,757 and left some 3,000–12,000 people homeless.

The earthquake occurred during the warm-up practice for the third game of the 1989 World Series, featuring both of the Bay Area's Major League Baseball teams, the Oakland Athletics and the San Francisco Giants. Because of game-related sports coverage, this was the first major earthquake in the United States of America to have its initial jolt broadcast live on television.

Epicenter

The epicenter of the quake was in the Forest of Nisene Marks State Park in Santa Cruz County, an unpopulated area in the Santa Cruz Mountains (geographical coordinates 37.040°N 121.877°W), approximately 2–3 miles (3–5 km) north of unincorporated Aptos and approximately 10 mi (16 km) northeast of Santa Cruz. The quake was named for the nearby Loma Prieta Peak which lies 5 mi (8 km) to the northeast in Santa Clara County.

Injuries and fatalities

Fifty-seven of the deaths were directly caused by the earthquake; six further fatalities were ruled to have been caused indirectly. In addition, there were 3,757 injuries as a result of the earthquake - 400 severely hurt. The highest number of fatalities, 42, occurred in Oakland because of the Cypress Street Viaduct collapse on the Nimitz Freeway (Interstate 880), where the upper level of a double-deck portion of the freeway collapsed, crushing the cars on the lower deck. One 50-foot (15 m) section of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge also collapsed, leading to a single fatality on the bridge. Three people were killed in the collapse of the Pacific Garden Mall in Santa Cruz, and five people were killed in the collapse of a brick wall on Bluxome Street in San Francisco.
When the earthquake hit, the third game of the 1989 World Series baseball championship was just beginning. Because of the unusual circumstance that both of the World Series teams (the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics) were based in the affected area, many people had left work early or were staying late to participate in after work group viewings and parties. As a consequence, the usually crowded freeways contained exceptionally light traffic. If traffic had been normal for a Tuesday rush hour, injuries and deaths could have been higher. The initial media reports failed to take into account the game's effect on traffic and initially estimated the death toll at 300, a number that was corrected to 63 in the days after the earthquake.

Damage

The earthquake caused severe damage in some very specific locations in the San Francisco Bay Area, most notably on unstable soil in San Francisco and Oakland. Oakland City Hall was evacuated after the earthquake until US$80M seismic retrofit and hazard abatement work was complete in 1995. Many other communities sustained severe damage throughout the region located in Alameda, San Mateo, Santa Clara, San Benito, Santa Cruz, and Monterey counties. Major property damage in San Francisco's Marina District 60 mi (97 km) from the epicenter resulted from liquefaction of soil used to create waterfront land. Other effects included sand volcanoes, landslides, and ground ruptures. Some 12,000 homes and 2,600 businesses were damaged. In Santa Cruz, close to the epicenter, 40 buildings collapsed, killing six people. At the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk, the Plunge building was significantly damaged. Liquefaction also caused damage in the Watsonville area. For example, sand volcanoes formed in a field near Pajaro as well as in a strawberry field. The Ford's department store in Watsonville experienced significant damage, including a crack down the front of the building. Many homes were dislodged if they were not bolted to their foundations. There were structural failures of twin bridges across Struve Slough near Watsonville. In Moss Landing, the liquefaction destroyed the causeway that carried the Moss Beach access road across tidewater basin, damaged the approach and abutment of the bridge linking Moss Landing spit to the mainland and cracked the paved road on Paul's Island. In the Old Town historical district of the city of Salinas, unreinforced masonry buildings were partially destroyed.
The quake caused an estimated $6 billion in property damage, becoming one of the most expensive natural disasters in U.S. history at the time. It was the largest earthquake to occur on the San Andreas Fault since the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Private donations poured in to aid relief efforts and on October 26, President George H. W. Bush signed a $3.45 billion earthquake relief package for California.

Collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct

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Brian Wilson, o fundador dos Beach Boys, faz hoje 70 anos!

 Brian Wilson atuando em janeiro de 2007

Brian Douglas Wilson (20 de junho de 1942, Hawthorne, Califórnia) é um músico dos Estados Unidos.

Ele foi o fundador, em 1961, dos Beach Boys. Foi o principal compositor americano na década de 1960 e um dos músicos mais criativos da música popular do século XX. Junto com os seus irmãos Dennis e Carl Wilson, o primo Mike Love e o amigo Alan Jardine, interpretou músicas que fazem parte da história do rock.

A sua vida foi bastante conturbada. Teve uma infância problemática, sendo reprimido pelo pai Murry Wilson, levando tareias deste e procurando refúgio na música. Era apaixonado por jazz e The Four Freshmen, enquanto seu irmão mais novo Carl era aficionado pela guitarra de Chuck Berry. Dennis Wilson, irmão do meio, surfava nas praias californianas e arranhava na bateria no início, enquanto seu primo Mike Love cantava no coral da igreja. Esta seria a espinha dorsal dos Beach Boys.

As primeiras composições de Brian surgiram depois que Dennis descreveu-lhe a sensação de como era surfar ondas (curiosamente, Brian nunca o fez) e falavam apenas de carros, corridas de carros e de surf e praia. Depois veio a fase das músicas de raparigas. "I Get Around", a primeira música dos BB's a atingir o topo das paradas norte-americanas, foi, segundo o próprio Brian, o ponto de transição das composições despretensiosas e adolescentes para um trabalho mais rico harmornicamente, mais complexo, mais artístico, embora desde o início e nos primeiros álbuns o grupo já mostre a sua boa qualidade e inovação dos estilos experimentais para a época como, o surf rock e o rock instrumental, estilos estes também influentes para a Invasão Britânica.

A maturidade harmónica e musical de Brian começou a ser notada em músicas como "California Girls", "Help me Rhonda", além das canções dos álbuns "Today!" e "Summer Days (and Summer Nights)". Depois de ouvir o "Rubber Soul", dos Beatles, Brian decidiu compor um álbum bom do início ao fim, como ele achou que o "Rubber Soul" era. A partir de então, começou um projeto audacioso, que contaria com a participação dos melhores músicos de Los Angeles e com a parceria de Tony Asher pondo letras em algumas das canções feitas por Brian, além de vocais que mais pareciam de anjos, como era o do Beach Boys.

Lançado em 16 de maio de 1966, o "Pet Sounds" é um marco na história da música pop contemporânea. Inovador, está à frente de seu tempo e é, sempre que são feitas listas dos melhores álbuns de todos os tempos, colocado como tal. A revista MOJO, em 1995, classificou o "Pet Sounds" como o melhor álbum de todos os tempos. A revista "Rolling Stone", em 2004, o classificou como o 2ª melhor álbum de todos os tempos, a seguir de Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, dos Beatles. Muitos discordam dessa lista, alegando que o Pet Sounds é superior ao Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band tanto tecnicamente quanto musicalmente.

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Há 106 anos um sismo destruiu uma (então) pequena cidade da Califórnia chamada São Francisco

O Grande Sismo de São Francisco (1906): a Rua Stockton e o Union Square

O sismo de São Francisco de 1906 (em inglês: 1906 San Francisco earthquake) foi um violento sismo que ocorreu às 05.14 horas da manhã no dia 18 de abril de 1906 em São Francisco. Com uma magnitude estimada média de 8.0 na Escala de Richter, ficou conhecido como The Great San Francisco Earthquake (em português, "O Grande Terramoto de São Francisco"), ou somente apelidado como The Great Quake, o maior nos Estados Unidos já registado, até então, na escala de Richter. O terramoto teve duração de aproximadamente 28 segundos, tendo morrido milhares de pessoas.

Outras cidades sofreram estragos importantes, nomeadamente Santa Rosa, São José e a Universidade de Stanford. Cerca de 225 000 pessoas encontraram-se sem teto dos cerca de 400 000 habitantes daquelas áreas, na ocasião.

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O Anel de Fogo do Pacífico assusta a América do Norte e Central

Terramoto mais forte registou 7.0 na escala de Richter

Sismos abalam Estados Unidos e México

Três sismos abalaram ontem ao final da noite os Estados Unidos e o México. O mais forte, magnitude 7.0 na escala Richter, fez abanar prédios no México e teve epicentro no Pacífico. Nos EUA, um sismo de 5.9 abalou o Oregon e outro de 5.3 a costa da Califórnia.

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Sismo de 7.0 assusta mexicanos

Operações de evacuação na Cidade do México

Um sismo de magnitude 7.0 na região ocidental mexicana de Michoacan ocorreu nesta noite de quarta-feira, às 23.55 horas, tendo sido sentido na Cidade do México.

Este abalo situou-se a 336 quilómetros a noroeste de Acapulco, numa zona montanhosa escassamente povoada, e a uma profundidade de 65 quilómetros.

A agência noticiosa AP adianta que edifícios altos na capital mexicana abanaram, que houve pessoas a saírem dos escritórios, mas o presidente da Câmara adiantou que não há relatos de estragos.

O sismo no México aconteceu quase em simultâneo com outro registado a quase 300 quilómetros da costa do Estado norte-americano do Oregon e a uma profundidade de 10 quilómetros, de magnitude 5,9. 

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O sismo de Northridge, na Califórnia, foi há 18 anos

The Northridge earthquake was a massive earthquake that occurred on January 17, 1994, at 04:31 Pacific Standard Time in Reseda, a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, California, lasting for about 10–20 seconds. The earthquake had a "strong" moment magnitude of 6.7, but the ground acceleration was one of the highest ever instrumentally recorded in an urban area in North America, measuring 1.7 g (16.7 m/s²) with strong ground motion felt as far away as Las Vegas, Nevada, over 270 miles (435 km) from the epicenter. The death toll came to a total of 57 people, and there were over 8,700 injured. In addition, the earthquake caused an estimated $20 billion in damage, making it one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history.

(clicar para aumentar - imagem daqui)

Epicenter

The earthquake struck in the San Fernando Valley about 20 miles (31 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles near the community of Northridge. The actual epicenter of the quake was in Reseda, near the intersection of Reseda Boulevard and Strathern Street. However, it took several days to pinpoint the epicenter with accuracy, and in the meantime the media had already dubbed it "The Northridge Earthquake." The name stuck, in part due to the extensive damage and loss of life in Northridge. The National Geophysical Data Center places the hypocenter's geographical coordinates at 34°12′47″N 118°32′13″W and a depth of 17 km (10.56 mi). Despite the area's proximity to the San Andreas Fault, the Northridge quake did not occur along this fault, but rather on the previously undiscovered Northridge blind thrust fault (also known as the Pico thrust fault).

Damage and fatalities

Damage occurred up to 85 miles (125 km) away, with the most damage in the west San Fernando Valley, and the cities of Santa Monica, Simi Valley and Santa Clarita. The number of fatalities is not certain, with sources estimating it at 60 or "over 60", to 72, where most estimates fall around 60. The "official" death toll was placed at 57. 33 people died immediately or within a few days from injuries sustained in the earthquake, and many died from indirect causes, such as stress-induced cardiac events. Some counts factor in related events such as a man's suicide possibly inspired by the loss of his business in the disaster.

More than 8,700 were injured including 1,600 that required hospitalization. The Northridge Meadows apartment complex was one of the well-known affected areas in which sixteen people were killed as a result of the building's collapse. The Northridge Fashion Center and California State University, Northridge also sustained very heavy damage—most notably, the collapse of parking structures. The earthquake also gained worldwide attention because of damage to the vast freeway network, which serves millions of commuters every day. The most notable of this damage was to the Santa Monica Freeway, Interstate 10, known as the busiest freeway in the United States, congesting nearby surface roads for three months while the freeway was repaired. Further north, Interstate 5 (the Golden State Freeway) and State Route 14 (the Antelope Valley Freeway) collapsed and had to be rebuilt. The Newhall Pass interchange of Interstate 5 and State Route 14 collapsed as it had 23 years earlier during the 1971 Sylmar earthquake even though it had been rebuilt with improved structural components.One life was lost in the Newhall Pass interchange collapse: LAPD motorcycle officer Clarence W. Dean fell 40 feet from the damaged connector from southbound 14 to southbound I-5 along with his motorcycle. Because of the early morning darkness, he was unaware that the elevated roadway beneath him had dropped, and was unable to stop in time to avoid the fall and died instantly. When the interchange was rebuilt again one year later, it was renamed the Clarence Wayne Dean Memorial Interchange in his honor.

Additional damage occurred about 50 miles (80 km) southeast in Anaheim as the scoreboard at Anaheim Stadium collapsed onto several hundred seats. The stadium was empty at the time. Although several commercial buildings also collapsed, loss of life was minimized because of the early morning hour of the quake, and because it occurred on a Federal holiday (Martin Luther King, Jr. Day). Also, because of known seismic activity in California, area building codes dictate that buildings incorporate structural design intended to withstand earthquakes. However, the damage caused by the earthquake revealed that some structural specifications did not perform as well as expected. Because of this building codes were revised. Some structures were not red-tagged until months after the earthquake because damage was not immediately apparent.

The quake produced unusually strong ground accelerations in the range of 1.0 g. Damage was also caused by fire and landslides. The Northridge earthquake was notable for striking almost the same area as the M_W 6.6 San Fernando (Sylmar) Earthquake. Some estimates of total damage range as high as $25 billion.

Most casualties and damage occurred in multi-story wood frame buildings (e.g. the three-story Northridge Meadows apartment building). In particular, buildings with an unsteady first floor (such as those with parking areas on the bottom) performed poorly. Numerous fires were also caused by broken gas pipes due to houses shifting off foundations or unsecured water heaters falling over. In the San Fernando Valley, several underground gas and water mains were severed, resulting in some streets experiencing simultaneous fires and floods. As is common in earthquakes, unreinforced masonry buildings and houses on steep slopes suffered damage. However, school buildings (K-12), which are required to be reinforced against earthquakes, in general survived fairly well.

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O sismo de Loma Prieta foi há 22 anos

The Loma Prieta earthquake, also known as the Quake of '89 and the World Series Earthquake, was a major earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay Area of California on October 17, 1989, at 5:04 p.m. local time. Caused by a slip along the San Andreas Fault, the quake lasted 10–15 seconds and measured 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale (surface-wave magnitude 7.1) or 6.9 on the open-ended Richter Scale. The quake killed 63 people throughout northern California, injured 3,757 and left some 3,000-12,000 people homeless.

The earthquake occurred during the warm-up practice for the third game of the 1989 World Series, featuring both of the Bay Area's Major League Baseball teams, the Oakland Athletics and the San Francisco Giants. Because of game-related sports coverage, this was the first major earthquake in the United States of America to have its initial jolt broadcast live on television.

 

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Arnold Schwarzenegger - 64 anos

Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (Graz, 30 de Julho de 1947) é um ex-culturista, actor, empresário e político austro-americano, tendo servido como 38º governador do estado da Califórnia.

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