O referendo que acabou com o apartheid na África do Sul foi há 32 anos

 

 

Election results
Yes or no	Votes	Percentage
Yes	1,924,186	68.73%
No	875,619	31.27%
Valid votes	2,799,805	99.82%
Invalid or blank votes	5,142	0.18%
Total votes	2,804,947	100.00%
Voter turnout	85.08%
Electorate	3,296,800

   

Results by region

 

 

The 1992 referendum was held in South Africa on 17 March of that year. In it, white South Africans were asked to vote in the country's last whites-only referendum to determine whether or not they supported the negotiated reforms begun by State President F.W. de Klerk two years earlier, in which he proposed to end the apartheid that had been started in 1948. The result of the election was a large victory for the "yes" side, which ultimately resulted in apartheid being lifted.

  

in Wikipédia

O referendo que acabou com o apartheid na África do Sul foi há 31 anos

Election results
Yes or no	Votes	Percentage
Yes	1,924,186	68.73%
No	875,619	31.27%
Valid votes	2,799,805	99.82%
Invalid or blank votes	5,142	0.18%
Total votes	2,804,947	100.00%
Voter turnout	85.08%
Electorate	3,296,800

   

Results by region

 

 

The 1992 referendum was held in South Africa on 17 March of that year. In it, white South Africans were asked to vote in the country's last whites-only referendum to determine whether or not they supported the negotiated reforms begun by State President F.W. de Klerk two years earlier, in which he proposed to end the apartheid that had been started in 1948. The result of the election was a large victory for the "yes" side, which ultimately resulted in apartheid being lifted.

  

in Wikipédia

 

Nelson Mandela foi condenado a prisão perpétua há 58 anos...

 

 

O Julgamento de Rivonia é como passou à história o célebre julgamento ocorrido em 1963 e 1964, na África do Sul sob o Apartheid, no qual dez líderes do ANC foram acusados de sabotagem e foram submetidos a proposta de condenação à morte.

Recebeu o nome devido ao local onde foram presas seis dessas lideranças - um subúrbio de Joanesburgo chamado Rivonia, onde tinham o seu esconderijo, numa fazenda chamada Liliesleaf, cuja fotografia se pode ver em baixo. Naquela época o local, afastado cerca de 15 km do centro da cidade, era uma região de quintas, completamente rural, em contraste com a situação atual, em que é um local de comércio. A prisão ocorreu em 11 de julho de 1963.

   

Casa em Rivonia (Winston Avenue) onde os diversos ativistas foram presos, em 1963

     

Envolvidos

Dez réus foram levados a julgamento: Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Denis Goldberg, Govan Mbeki, Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada, Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, Raymond Mhlaba, James Kantor, Elias Motsoaledi e Andrew Mlangeni.

Não foram julgados os seguintes líderes do Congresso Nacional Africano (ANC) e do Partido Comunista da África do Sul (PCAS): Robert Hepple (PCAS), Harold Wolpe e Arthur Goldreich (PCAS, presos em Rivonia, mas escaparam) e, finalmente, o Chefe Albert Luthuli, presidente geral do ANC.

Também foram nele envolvidos Oliver Tambo (ANC, no exílio), Ruth First (líder do PCAS), Joseph Slovo (PCSA, no exílio) e Michael Harmel (PCSA).

Era, então, primeiro-ministro Henrik Verwoerd e ministro da justiça John Vorster; o julgamento foi acompanhado por observadores britânicos e norte-americanos.
    

Julgamento

Tomando por base documentos encontrados que incriminavam os réus, entre eles um referente à guerrilha (chamado de Operação Mayibuye), bem como anotações de Mandela sobre a guerrilha e o seu diário de viagem pela África de 1962, a acusação foi feita pelos promotores Percy Yutar e A. B. Krog.

Mandela já estava preso, condenado por incitação e por haver deixado o país ilegalmente e, em vez de ser arrolado como testemunha, foi levado também para o banco dos réus, onde, em 20 de abril de 1964 proferiu seu famoso discurso "Estou preparado para morrer".

A 12 de junho de 1964 oito dos réus receberam uma condenação à prisão perpétua, dada pelo juiz Quartus de Wet, no Palácio da Justiça, em Pretória.

    

      

in Wikipédia

O referendo que acabou com o apartheid foi há trinta anos...!

Election results
Yes or no	Votes	Percentage
Yes	1,924,186	68.73%
No	875,619	31.27%
Valid votes	2,799,805	99.82%
Invalid or blank votes	5,142	0.18%
Total votes	2,804,947	100.00%
Voter turnout	85.08%
Electorate	3,296,800

 

Results by region

 

 

The 1992 referendum was held in South Africa on 17 March of that year. In it, white South Africans were asked to vote in the country's last whites-only referendum to determine whether or not they supported the negotiated reforms begun by State President F.W. de Klerk two years earlier, in which he proposed to end the apartheid that had been started in 1948. The result of the election was a large victory for the "yes" side, which ultimately resulted in apartheid being lifted.

  

in Wikipédia

Nelson Mandela foi condenado a prisão perpétua há 57 anos

 

O Julgamento de Rivonia é como passou à história o célebre julgamento ocorrido em 1963 e 1964, na África do Sul sob o Apartheid, no qual dez líderes do ANC foram acusados de sabotagem e foram submetidos a proposta de condenação à morte.

Recebeu o nome devido ao local onde foram presas seis dessas lideranças - um subúrbio de Joanesburgo chamado Rivonia, onde tinham o seu esconderijo, numa fazenda chamada Liliesleaf, cuja fotografia se pode ver em cima. Naquela época o local, afastado cerca de 15 km do centro da cidade, era uma região de quintas, completamente rural, em contraste com a situação atual, em que é um local de comércio. A prisão ocorreu em 11 de julho de 1963.

   

Casa em Rivonia (Winston Avenue) onde os diversos ativistas foram presos, em 1963

     

Envolvidos

Dez réus foram levados a julgamento: Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Denis Goldberg, Govan Mbeki, Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada, Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, Raymond Mhlaba, James Kantor, Elias Motsoaledi e Andrew Mlangeni.

Não foram julgados os seguintes líderes do Congresso Nacional Africano (ANC) e do Partido Comunista da África do Sul (PCAS): Robert Hepple (PCAS), Harold Wolpe e Arthur Goldreich (PCAS, presos em Rivonia, mas escaparam) e, finalmente, o Chefe Albert Luthuli, presidente geral do ANC.

Também foram nele envolvidos Oliver Tambo (ANC, no exílio), Ruth First (líder do PCAS), Joseph Slovo (PCSA, no exílio) e Michael Harmel (PCSA).

Era, então, primeiro-ministro Henrik Verwoerd e ministro da justiça John Vorster; o julgamento foi acompanhado por observadores britânicos e norte-americanos.
   

Julgamento

Tomando por base documentos encontrados que incriminavam os réus, entre eles um referente à guerrilha (chamado de Operação Mayibuye), bem como anotações de Mandela sobre a guerrilha e o seu diário de viagem pela África de 1962, a acusação foi feita pelos promotores Percy Yutar e A. B. Krog.

Mandela já estava preso, condenado por incitação e por haver deixado o país ilegalmente e, em vez de ser arrolado como testemunha, foi levado também para o banco dos réus, onde, em 20 de abril de 1964 proferiu seu famoso discurso "Estou preparado para morrer".

A 12 de junho de 1964 oito dos réus receberam uma condenação à prisão perpétua, dada pelo juiz Quartus de Wet, no Palácio da Justiça, em Pretória.

  

     

in Wikipédia

O referendo que acabou com uma vergonha chamada apartheid foi há 29 anos

Election results
Yes or no	Votes	Percentage
Yes	1,924,186	68.73%
No	875,619	31.27%
Valid votes	2,799,805	99.82%
Invalid or blank votes	5,142	0.18%
Total votes	2,804,947	100.00%
Voter turnout	85.08%
Electorate	3,296,800

 

The 1992 referendum was held in South Africa on 17 March of that year. In it, white South Africans were asked to vote in the country's last whites-only referendum to determine whether or not they supported the negotiated reforms begun by State President F.W. de Klerk two years earlier, in which he proposed to end the apartheid that had been started in 1948. The result of the election was a large victory for the "yes" side, which ultimately resulted in apartheid being lifted.

  

in Wikipédia

Nelson Mandela foi condenado a prisão perpétua há 56 anos

Casa em Rivonia (Winston Avenue) onde os diversos ativistas foram presos, em 1963

      

O Julgamento de Rivonia é como passou à história o célebre julgamento ocorrido em 1963 e 1964, na África do Sul sob o Apartheid, no qual dez líderes do ANC foram acusados de sabotagem e foram submetidos a proposta de condenação à morte.

Recebeu o nome devido ao local onde foram presas seis dessas lideranças - um subúrbio de Joanesburgo chamado Rivonia, onde tinham o seu esconderijo, numa fazenda chamada Liliesleaf, cuja fotografia se pode ver em cima. Naquela época o local, afastado cerca de 15 km do centro da cidade, era uma região de quintas, completamente rural, em contraste com a situação atual, em que é um local de comércio. A prisão ocorreu em 11 de julho de 1963.
    

Envolvidos

Dez réus foram levados a julgamento: Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Denis Goldberg, Govan Mbeki, Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada, Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, Raymond Mhlaba, James Kantor, Elias Motsoaledi e Andrew Mlangeni.

Não foram julgados os seguintes líderes do Congresso Nacional Africano (ANC) e do Partido Comunista da África do Sul (PCAS): Robert Hepple (PCAS), Harold Wolpe e Arthur Goldreich (PCAS, presos em Rivonia, mas escaparam) e, finalmente, o Chefe Albert Luthuli, presidente geral do ANC.

Também foram nele envolvidos Oliver Tambo (ANC, no exílio), Ruth First (líder do PCAS), Joseph Slovo (PCSA, no exílio) e Michael Harmel (PCSA).

Era, então, primeiro-ministro Henrik Verwoerd e ministro da justiça John Vorster; o julgamento foi acompanhado por observadores britânicos e norte-americanos.
   

Julgamento

Tomando por base documentos encontrados que incriminavam os réus, entre eles um referente à guerrilha (chamado de Operação Mayibuye), bem como anotações de Mandela sobre a guerrilha e o seu diário de viagem pela África de 1962, a acusação foi feita pelos promotores Percy Yutar e A. B. Krog.

Mandela já estava preso, condenado por incitação e por haver deixado o país ilegalmente e, em vez de ser arrolado como testemunha, foi levado também para o banco dos réus, onde, em 20 de abril de 1964 proferiu seu famoso discurso "Estou preparado para morrer".

A 12 de junho de 1964 oito dos réus receberam uma condenação à prisão perpétua, dada pelo juiz Quartus de Wet, no Palácio da Justiça, em Pretória.

  

     

in Wikipédia

Nelson Mandela foi condenado a prisão perpétua há 55 anos

Casa em Rivonia (Winston Avenue) onde os diversos ativistas foram presos, em 1963

  

Julgamento de Rivonia é como passou à história o célebre julgamento ocorrido em 1963 e 1964, na África do Sul sob o Apartheid, no qual dez líderes do ANC foram acusados de sabotagem e foram submetidos a proposta de condenação à morte.

Recebeu o nome devido ao local onde foram presas seis dessas lideranças - um subúrbio de Joanesburgo chamado Rivonia, onde tinham o seu esconderijo, numa fazenda chamada Liliesleaf, cuja fotografia se pode ver em cima. Naquela época o local, afastado cerca de 15 km do centro da cidade, era uma região de quintas, completamente rural, em contraste com a situação atual, em que é um local de comércio. A prisão ocorreu em 11 de julho de 1963.

  

Envolvidos

Dez réus foram levados a julgamento: Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Denis Goldberg, Govan Mbeki, Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada, Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, Raymond Mhlaba, James Kantor, Elias Motsoaledi e Andrew Mlangeni.

Não foram julgados os seguintes líderes do Congresso Nacional Africano (ANC) e do Partido Comunista da África do Sul (PCAS): Robert Hepple (PCAS), Harold Wolpe e Arthur Goldreich (PCAS, presos em Rivonia, mas escaparam) e, finalmente, o Chefe Albert Luthuli, presidente geral do ANC.

Também foram nele envolvidos Oliver Tambo (ANC, no exílio), Ruth First (líder do PCAS), Joseph Slovo (PCSA, no exílio) e Michael Harmel (PCSA).

Era, então, primeiro-ministro Henrik Verwoerd e ministro da justiça John Vorster; o julgamento foi acompanhado por observadores britânicos e norteamericanos.

  

Julgamento

Tomando por base documentos encontrados que incriminavam os réus, dentre eles um referente à operação de guerrilha (chamado de Operação Mayibuye), bem como anotações de Mandela sobre a guerrilha e o seu diário de viagem pela África de 1962, a acusação foi feita pelos promotores Percy Yutar e A. B. Krog.

Mandela já estava preso, condenado por incitação e por haver deixado o país ilegalmente e, em vez de ser arrolado como testemunha, foi levado também ao banco dos réus, onde, em 20 de abril de 1964 proferiu seu famoso discurso "Estou preparado para morrer".

A 12 de junho de 1964 oito dos réus receberam uma condenação à prisão perpétua, dada pelo juiz Quartus de Wet, no Palácio da Justiça, em Pretória.

  

in Wikipédia

O referendo que acabou com o apartheid foi há 25 anos

Election results
Yes or no	Votes	Percentage
Yes	1,924,186	68.73%
No	875,619	31.27%
Valid votes	2,799,805	99.82%
Invalid or blank votes	5,142	0.18%
Total votes	2,804,947	100.00%
Voter turnout	85.08%
Electorate	3,296,800

The 1992 referendum was held in South Africa on 17 March of that year. In it, white South Africans were asked to vote in the country's last whites-only referendum to determine whether or not they supported the negotiated reforms begun by State President F.W. de Klerk two years earlier, in which he proposed to end the apartheid that had been started in 1948. The result of the election was a large victory for the "yes" side, which ultimately resulted in apartheid being lifted.

Background

On February 2, 1990, in his opening address to parliament, State President F.W. de Klerk announced that the ban on different political parties such as the African National Congress and the South African Communist Party would be lifted and that Nelson Mandela would be released after 27 years in prison. F.W. de Klerk announced that capital punishment would be suspended and that the state of emergency would be lifted. The State President said in his speech to parliament that "the time to negotiate has arrived".

Nelson Mandela was released on February 11, 1990 from Victor Verster Prison in Paarl near Cape Town. On March 21, 1990, South West Africa became independent under the name of Namibia. In May the government began talks with the ANC. In June the state of emergency was lifted and the ANC had agreed to a ceasefire. In 1991, the Acts which restricted land ownership, specified separate living areas and classified people by race were abolished.

Before the referendum

Prior to the referendum, the governing National Party had lost three by-elections since announcing negotiations to end apartheid two years earlier, and its position was opposed by the Conservative Party which opposed the negotiations and boycotted the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). On 24 January 1992, President F.W. de Klerk opened parliament and suggested that a referendum would be held, in which the vote of each race group would be counted separately. When the National Party was defeated in the Potchefstroom by-election on 19 February, after calling it a test vote, its credibility was placed in doubt.

In the meantime, negotiations between the government and the African National Congress were making slow progress. Violence was increasing in the South African townships, different right wing groups were becoming more prominent, and there was growing dissatisfaction within the white community. Conditions and the mood in the black townships was worsening as well. The government was thus under domestic and international pressure to make progress in the negotiations.

While the Conservative Party claimed that the government did not have the mandate to negotiate with the ANC after its defeat in Potchefstroom, State President F.W. de Klerk announced 20 February, that a national referendum for the white electorate would be held to test the government's — and his own — support: if the referendum's outcome had been negative, de Klerk would have resigned and general elections held.

The campaign

The National Party and Democratic Party campaigned for a "Yes" vote, while the conservative right wing led by the Conservative Party campaigned for a "No" vote. Much of de Klerk's efforts in 1992 were directed toward appeasing and weakening his right-wing opponents, the conservative defenders of apartheid who had broken away from the National Party during the 1980s. De Klerk attempted to show white South Africans that the government was not giving up power to the ANC, but negotiating on the basis of "power sharing". It warned the white voters that a "No" vote would mean continuation of international sanctions, the danger of civil war and worsening chaos in South Africa.

The National Party "Yes" vote campaign was of a kind that had never before been seen in South Africa. The National Party held large political gatherings through the country and published advertisements in many national newspapers and bought commercial time in television. It produced massive election "Yes" posters with the message "Yes! Ja! SA" and a poster showing a picture of an AWB member with a gun and with the text "You can stop this man! Vote YES".

The Democratic Party had more traditional posters with the message "Ja vir vrede (Yes for peace)".

The "No" campaign, led by Dr Andries Treurnicht, played on racial prejudices and warned of "black majority rule" and "ANC communist rule". The Conservative Party also advocated white self-determination and argued that white South Africans had the right to rule themselves. During the campaign, the "No" side also started to advocate an independent homeland, or volkstaat, for the white minority.

When de Klerk initially announced the referendum, many were critical of the fact that only whites had the right to vote in the referendum.

Result

The question asked was "Do you support continuation of the reform process which the State President began on February 2, 1990, and which is aimed at a new constitution through negotiation?"

The results, on a turnout of 85.1%, were:

Result	Number of votes	Percentage
Yes	1,924,186	68.73%
No	875,619	31.27%

Total number of votes: 2,804,947 out of 3,296,800

In Cape Town and Durban over 85% voted "yes" and in Pretoria over 57% voted "yes". Only Pietersburg in the Northern Transvaal, a rural right wing stronghold, voted "no" with 57%. Even in the conservative stronghold, where five out of the seven parliamentary seats were held by "No" campaigners, Kroonstad, the "yes" side won with 52%. Next day, President de Klerk said "Today we have closed the book on apartheid" as he celebrated his 56th birthday. Nelson Mandela said that he was "very happy indeed".

Aftermath

The day after the referendum, the Cape Times news bill was dominated by the large text "YES, IT'S YES!".

The alliance between the Conservative Party and the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging may have harmed the CP and in some cases even scared away voters to the "Yes" side. Some conservative and militant defenders of apartheid boycotted the referendum, although turnout was at record levels, reaching above 96% in some areas.

De Klerk and his government could now claim that the whites were in favour of universal suffrage and that they had a clear mandate to negotiate with the African National Congress. The ANC had disliked the referendum, mainly because whites were the only one allowed to vote. But the ANC realised that a "No" vote would not only risk the negotiations but also increase the political chaos in the country, and had no real reason to advocate that the whites oppose the negotiations. The ANC therefore advocated a "Yes" vote.

The right wing criticized the referendum and accused the government of electoral fraud. They had lost where they had been the strongest, in the Afrikaner heartland and in the big cities. Dr. Treurnicht claimed that media propaganda, foreign intervention, threats by businesspeople against employees and electoral fraud had resulted in a "Yes" vote. No evidence has yet been put forward regarding electoral irregularities. However a cursory examination of the SABC TV output at the time revealed a heavy bias in favour of a YES vote. Almost all newspapers were hostile to a NO vote.

On the 27 April 1994, South Africa held its first multi-racial elections, that resulted in a huge victory for the African National Congress and made Nelson Mandela the first black President of South Africa.

in Wikipédia

Mandela foi libertado há 25 anos!

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Mvezo, 18 de julho de 1918 - Joanesburgo, 5 de dezembro de 2013) foi um advogado, líder rebelde e presidente da África do Sul de 1994 a 1999, considerado como o mais importante líder da África Negra, ganhador do Prêmio Nobel da Paz de 1993, e pai da moderna nação sul-africana, onde é normalmente referido como Madiba (nome do seu clã) ou Tata ('Pai').

Mandela e de Klerk: os adversários cumprimentam-se

Libertação

Em 11 de fevereiro de 1990 Mandela finalmente é solto. Uma multidão o aclama, respondendo quando no gesto de luta ergue o punho fechado. Tem fim o longo cárcere, e ele iria depois registar o momento: "Quando me vi no meio da multidão, alcei o punho direito e estalou um clamor. Não havia podido fazer isso desde há vinte e sete anos, e me invadiu uma sensação de alegria e de força."

Os passos de Mandela ao sair da prisão de Victor Vester, atualmente renomeada para Drakenstein, foram perpetuados na sua entrada, com uma estátua em bronze de 3 metros de altura, em que o líder aparece com o braço direito erguido e o punho fechado, inaugurada em 2008.

Nos encontros públicos que então realizaram mais tarde Mandela gritava "Amandla!" ("Poder!), ao que a multidão respondia - "Awethu!" ("Para o povo!"); mas seus discursos não eram mais inflamados, e sim conciliadores, para a decepção dos setores mais radicais.

As inovações que encontrou fora da prisão foram-lhe um choque; ao ter sido preso, em 1958, não havia sequer televisão no país; ficou surpreso por ser possível usar o telefone dentro de um avião - tinha que enfrentar um ritmo de vida que não conhecia.

in Wikipédia

Há 50 anos Nelson Mandela foi condenado a prisão perpétua no chamado Julgamento de Rivonia

Casa em Rivonia (Winston Avenue) onde os diversos ativistas foram presos, em 1963

Julgamento de Rivonia é como passou à história o célebre julgamento ocorrido em 1963 e 1964, na África do Sul sob o Apartheid, no qual dez líderes do ANC foram acusados de sabotagem e foram submetidos a proposta de condenação à morte.

Recebeu o nome devido ao local onde foram presas seis dessas lideranças - um subúrbio de Joanesburgo chamado Rivonia, onde tinham o seu esconderijo, numa fazenda chamada Liliesleaf, cuja fotografia se pode ver em cima. Naquela época o local, afastado cerca de 15 km do centro da cidade, era uma região de quintas, completamente rural, em contraste com a situação atual, em que é um local de comércio. A prisão ocorreu em 11 de julho de 1963.

Envolvidos

Dez réus foram levados a julgamento: Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Denis Goldberg, Govan Mbeki, Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada, Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, Raymond Mhlaba, James Kantor, Elias Motsoaledi e Andrew Mlangeni.

Não foram julgados os seguintes líderes do Congresso Nacional Africano (ANC) e do Partido Comunista da África do Sul (PCAS): Robert Hepple (PCAS), Harold Wolpe e Arthur Goldreich (PCAS, presos em Rivonia, mas escaparam) e, finalmente, o Chefe Albert Luthuli, presidente geral do ANC.

Também foram nele envolvidos Oliver Tambo (ANC, no exílio), Ruth First (líder do PCAS), Joseph Slovo (PCSA, no exílio) e Michael Harmel (PCSA).

Era, então, primeiro-ministro Henrik Verwoerd e ministro da justiça John Vorster; o julgamento foi acompanhado por observadores britânicos e norteamericanos.

Julgamento

Tomando por base documentos encontrados que incriminavam os réus, dentre eles um referente a guerrilha (chamado de Operação Mayibuye), bem como anotações de Mandela sobre guerrilha e seu diário de viagem pela África de 1962, a acusação foi feita pelos promotores Percy Yutar e A. B. Krog.

Mandela já estava preso, condenado por incitação e por haver deixado o país ilegalmente e, em vez de ser arrolado como testemunha, foi levado também ao banco dos réus, onde, em 20 de abril de 1964 proferiu seu famoso discurso "Estou preparado para morrer".

A 12 de junho de 1964 oito dos réus receberam uma condenação à prisão perpétua, dada pelo juiz Quartus de Wet, no Palácio da Justiça, em Pretória.

in Wikipédia

Há vinte anos os sul-africanos brancos decidiram acabar com o apartheid

South African Apartheid Referendum (17 March 1992)
Do you support continuation of the reform process which the State President began on February 2, 1990, and which is aimed at a new constitution through negotiation?

Election results
Yes or no	Votes	Percentage
Yes	1,924,186	68.73%
No	875,619	31.27%
Valid votes	2,799,805	99.82%
Invalid or blank votes	5,142	0.18%
Total votes	2,804,947	100.00%
Voter turnout	85.08%
Electorate	3,296,800

The 1992 referendum was held in South Africa on 17 March of that year. In it, white South Africans were asked to vote in the country's last whites-only referendum to determine whether or not they supported the negotiated reforms begun by State President F.W. de Klerk two years earlier, in which he proposed to end the apartheid that had been started in 1948. The result of the election was a large victory for the "yes" side, which ultimately resulted in apartheid being lifted.

Background

On February 2, 1990, in his opening address to parliament, State President F.W. de Klerk announced that the ban on different political parties such as the African National Congress and the South African Communist Party would be lifted and that Nelson Mandela would be released after 27 years in prison. F.W. de Klerk announced that capital punishment would be suspended and that the state of emergency would be lifted. The State President said in his speech to parliament that "the time to negotiate has arrived".

Nelson Mandela was released on February 11, 1990 from Victor Verster Prison in Paarl near Cape Town. On March 21, 1990, South West Africa became independent under the name of Namibia. In May the government began talks with the ANC. In June the state of emergency was lifted and the ANC had agreed to a ceasefire. In 1991, the Acts which restricted land ownership, specified separate living areas and classified people by race were abolished.

Before the referendum

Prior to the referendum, the governing National Party had lost three by-elections since announcing negotiations to end apartheid two years earlier, and its position was opposed by the Conservative Party which opposed the negotiations and boycotted the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). On 24 January 1992, President F.W. de Klerk opened parliament and suggested that a referendum would be held, in which the vote of each race group would be counted separately. When the National Party was defeated in the Potchefstroom by-election on 19 February, after calling it a test vote, its credibility was placed in doubt.

In the meantime, negotiations between the government and the African National Congress were making slow progress. Violence was increasing in the South African townships, different right wing groups were becoming more prominent, and there was growing dissatisfaction within the white community. Conditions and the mood in the black townships was worsening as well. The government was thus under domestic and international pressure to make progress in the negotiations.

While the Conservative Party claimed that the government did not have the mandate to negotiate with the ANC after its defeat in Potchefstroom, State President F.W. de Klerk announced 20 February, that a national referendum for the white electorate would be held to test the government's — and his own — support: if the referendum's outcome had been negative, de Klerk would have resigned and general elections held.

The campaign

The National Party and Democratic Party campaigned for a "Yes" vote, while the conservative right wing led by the Conservative Party campaigned for a "No" vote. Much of de Klerk's efforts in 1992 were directed toward appeasing and weakening his right-wing opponents, the conservative defenders of apartheid who had broken away from the National Party during the 1980s. De Klerk attempted to show white South Africans that the government was not giving up power to the ANC, but negotiating on the basis of "power sharing". It warned the white voters that a "No" vote would mean continuation of international sanctions, the danger of civil war and worsening chaos in South Africa.

The National Party "Yes" vote campaign was of a kind that had never before been seen in South Africa. The National Party held large political gatherings through the country and published advertisements in many national newspapers and bought commercial time in television. It produced massive election "Yes" posters with the message "Yes! Ja! SA" and a poster showing a picture of an AWB member with a gun and with the text "You can stop this man! Vote YES".

The Democratic Party had more traditional posters with the message "Ja vir vrede (Yes for peace)".

The "No" campaign, led by Dr Andries Treurnicht, played on racial prejudices and warned of "black majority rule" and "ANC communist rule". The Conservative Party also advocated white self-determination and argued that white South Africans had the right to rule themselves. During the campaign, the "No" side also started to advocate an independent homeland, or volkstaat, for the white minority.

When de Klerk initially announced the referendum, many were critical of the fact that only whites had the right to vote in the referendum.

Result

The question asked was "Do you support continuation of the reform process which the State President began on February 2, 1990, and which is aimed at a new constitution through negotiation?"

The results, on a turnout of 85.1%, were:

Result	Number of votes	Percentage
Yes	1,924,186	68.73%
No	875,619	31.27%

Total number of votes: 2,804,947 out of 3,296,800

In Cape Town and Durban over 85% voted "yes" and in Pretoria over 57% voted "yes". Only Pietersburg in the Northern Transvaal, a rural right wing stronghold, voted "no" with 57%. Even in the conservative stronghold, where five out of the seven parliamentary seats were held by "No" campaigners, Kroonstad, the "yes" side won with 52%. Next day, President de Klerk said "Today we have closed the book on apartheid" as he celebrated his 56th birthday. Nelson Mandela said that he was "very happy indeed".

Aftermath

The day after the referendum, the Cape Times news bill was dominated by the large text "YES, IT'S YES!".

The alliance between the Conservative Party and the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging may have harmed the CP and in some cases even scared away voters to the "Yes" side. Some conservative and militant defenders of apartheid boycotted the referendum, although turnout was at record levels, reaching above 96% in some areas.

De Klerk and his government could now claim that the whites were in favour of universal suffrage and that they had a clear mandate to negotiate with the African National Congress. The ANC had disliked the referendum, mainly because whites were the only one allowed to vote. But the ANC realised that a "No" vote would not only risk the negotiations but also increase the political chaos in the country, and had no real reason to advocate that the whites oppose the negotiations. The ANC therefore advocated a "Yes" vote.

The right wing criticized the referendum and accused the government of electoral fraud. They had lost where they had been the strongest, in the Afrikaner heartland and in the big cities. Dr. Treurnicht claimed that media propaganda, foreign intervention, threats by businesspeople against employees and electoral fraud had resulted in a "Yes" vote. No evidence has yet been put forward regarding electoral irregularities. However a cursory examination of the SABC TV output at the time revealed a heavy bias in favour of a YES vote. Almost all newspapers were hostile to a NO vote.

On the 27 April 1994, South Africa held its first multi-racial elections, that resulted in a huge victory for the African National Congress and made Nelson Mandela the first black President of South Africa.

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