A sétima erupção do vulcão Grindavik, na Islândia, decorreu de 20 de novembro a 8 de dezembro...

 

Eruption visible from Reykjavík on 20 November 2024

 

On 20 November 2024, the seventh eruption in an ongoing volcanic series began at 23:14 UTC, following a series of small earthquakes that started over 40 minutes earlier. A fissure initially measuring 2 km long formed, extending north-east to 3 km in about 2.5 hours, with lava flowing to both the west and east. The eruption’s lava flow rate was about 1,300 m³/s in the first hours, which was considerably lower than in the August–September eruption 2024. Within the first seven hours, the eruption had spread to nearly 7 km², and lava quickly approached Route 43 (Grindavíkurvegur), crossing it over five hours after the eruption started. By 11 hours, the lava had reached the Blue Lagoon's parking lot and engulfed it, along with a temporary service building. At that point, the lava was advancing at approximately 100 m per hour. Around 10 million m³ of magma had flowed from the magma chamber in the first hours, about half the volume of the previous eruption. After less than 24 hours, only three craters remained active, with the middle one producing the most significant output.

By the eighth day, the lava field had reached an area of 9.1 km², with a total volume of 47 million m³ and only one crater active. The rate of lava effusion, while initially declining after the eruption's onset, had stabilised and remained relatively consistent. On the same day, the lava flow rate was measured at approximately 7–8 m³/s, a substantial decline compared to the eruption's first day. The volcanic activity also released an estimated 64–71 kg/s of sulfur dioxide. During its second week, the lava primarily flowed south-eastward, advancing toward Sandhóll [ˈsantˌhou̯tl̥] and Fagradalsfjall. Additionally, the eruption began to stabilise as a balance was reached between the inflow of magma to the reservoir beneath Svartsengi and the effusion of lava at the surface. The sole active crater continued to grow, raising concerns about the potential for structural collapse. By the third week, eruptive activity gradually diminished, accompanied by a steady decline in volcanic tremor measurements.

At the onset of the eruption, authorities described its location as "favourable" because it was initially far from infrastructure. However, the situation changed when the lava flow quickly developed a well-defined channel. This was facilitated by alterations in the landscape caused by previous lava flows, which created conditions conducive to the formation of a robust pathway. As a result, the lava advanced along the northern section of the Svartsengi barrier. The eruption came as a surprise, as the pattern of previous eruptions had led scientists to anticipate the magma intrusion would continue into December 2024. Unlike earlier events, there was no significant increase in seismic activity in the weeks preceding the eruption, suggesting a potential shift in the volcano's behavior. The eruption prompted the evacuation of the Blue Lagoon and more than 50 houses in Grindavík. Authorities instructed people not to come to the area, which continued to be closely monitored for safety. Although around 25 million m³ of magma had accumulated in a shallow chamber at a depth of roughly 5 km beneath Svartsengi prior to the eruption, nearly 50 million m³ of lava have been expelled onto the surface. This discrepancy is attributed to magma being sourced from a deeper chamber, with equilibrium gradually forming between magma inflow and outflow. As magma begins to accumulate again in the shallow chamber, land uplift is expected to resume, likely indicating the preparation for a future eruption. This eruption is currently the second largest in the ongoing eruptive series, with a total volume approximately 16 million m³ less than the August–September 2024 eruption, which remains the largest in the series.

The lava flow engulfed Blue Lagoon's 350-space parking area and destroyed a small, temporary service building in the zone. However, construction workers managed to close an exposed gap in the defence barrier, which had served as the entrance to the Blue Lagoon area, preventing the lava from advancing further into the site. A water protection area near the geothermal spa was not considered in danger, and power lines experienced only minor disturbances. Two transmission towers in the area were later at risk as lava had surrounded the protective filling at their bases, steadily advancing toward their reinforced concrete foundations and steel frameworks. In response to the threat, fire crews were requested to the site and deployed an apparatus to apply water streams onto the lava flow, aiming to cool its surface, slow its progression, and protect the structural stability of the towers. On the north-western section of the protective barriers around Svartsengi, lava neared overspilling, prompting the installation of 12 high-powered water cannons along a 360 m stretch. Connected to excess water discharge from the Svartsengi power station, the cannons provided a continuous supply, effectively cooling the lava and halting its advance. Officials later declared the effort successful. Construction workers also decided to reinforce the barriers in the area by increasing their height. The last activity from the active crater was observed on the morning of 8 December 2024, with no further activity detected later that day, thereby confirming the end of the eruption.

 

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