Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta previsão de sismos. Mostrar todas as mensagens
Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta previsão de sismos. Mostrar todas as mensagens

segunda-feira, junho 29, 2026

Notícia sobre previsão de sismos...

Porque conseguimos prever eclipses ao segundo - mas não os terramotos

 

 

 

Da rede de telemóveis Android que alertou utilizadores na Venezuela aos sistemas públicos do México e do Japão, a tecnologia não é capaz de prever terramotos: apenas tenta comprar-nos alguns segundos depois de o sismo começar — e transformar esses segundos em proteção.

Os dois sismos que atingiram o norte da Venezuela a 24 de junho voltaram a expor uma frustração antiga: a ciência calcula eclipses com séculos de antecedência e antecipa furacões com dias, mas continua incapaz de dizer quando a Terra vai tremer.

A explicação dos sismólogos é direta - é possível saber onde e com que frequência ocorrem grandes terramotos, mas não o dia nem a hora. E essa limitação não nasce de falta de tecnologia: está na própria natureza do fenómeno.

Ainda assim, segundo o El País, alguns segundos antes de o abalo ser sentido em várias zonas, milhões de utilizadores Android receberam um aviso no telemóvel. Não foi uma previsão - foi deteção em tempo real.

Num país sem qualquer sistema oficial de alerta sísmico precoce, foi um sistema da Google, assente nos sensores de milhões de telemóveis Android, que deu a algumas pessoas os poucos segundos que em alguns casos fizeram a diferença.

Para perceber a aparente contradição, é preciso separar três coisas que se confundem com frequência:

  • Uma é prever: dizer quando, onde e com que magnitude vai ocorrer um sismo, dentro de margens úteis — algo que hoje não se consegue fazer.
  • Outra é estimar o risco: calcular a probabilidade de um grande abalo numa região ao longo de décadas — isso faz-se, e é o que sustenta os códigos de construção antissísmica.
  • A terceira é alertar: detetar um sismo que já começou e avisar antes da chegada das ondas mais destrutivas — e isso funciona.

A previsão é o elo impossível. A rutura que origina um grande sismo ocorre a vários quilómetros de profundidade, longe de qualquer instrumento que a meça diretamente, e comporta-se como um sistema caótico: uma pequena fratura tanto pode travar como propagar-se e desencadear um abalo devastador — e não há maneira de saber, à partida, qual dos dois caminhos vai seguir.

Ao longo das últimas décadas, foram sendo testados supostos sinais precursores — como emanações de radão no solo, alterações em águas subterrâneas, comportamento anómalo dos animais, perturbações eletromagnéticas, as chamadas “luzes de terramoto“. Nenhum se mostrou fiável e repetível.

Quanto aos abalos premonitórios, só se identificam como tal depois do grande sismo: a esmagadora maioria dos pequenos tremores não é seguida de nada.

A confusão entre previsão e comunicação de risco já teve consequências graves. Três anos depois do sismo de L’Aquila, em 2009, que matou mais de 300 pessoas, sete membros da Comissão Italiana de Grandes Riscos (seis cientistas e um responsável da Proteção Civil)  foram condenados por homicídio involuntário.

Ao contrário do que muitas vezes se repetiu, estes peritos não foram julgados por não terem previsto o terramoto, mas pela forma como comunicaram o risco à população, depois de uma série de pequenos abalos ter sido descrita como não representando perigo iminente.

As condenações dos seis cientistas acabariam por ser anuladas em recurso e a absolvição foi confirmada pelo supremo tribunal italiano. Restou apenas a condenação, parcial, de Bernardo de Bernardinis, o responsável da Proteção Civil — mas o caso serviu de aviso para os perigos de transmitir falsas certezas.

 

Se não se pode prever, pode detetar-se

Os sistemas de alerta precoce tiram partido de uma corrida desigual entre os diferentes tipos de ondas sísmicas.

Quando um sismo começa, liberta primeiro as ondas P, rápidas (cerca de seis km/s) mas pouco destrutivas, e só depois as ondas S e de superfície, mais lentas (3 a 4 km/s) e responsáveis pela maior parte dos estragos.

Como os dados digitais viajam muito mais depressa do que qualquer onda sísmica, um sensor próximo do epicentro pode detetar as ondas P e disparar um alerta que chega às zonas mais distantes antes de o impacto mais forte do abalo se fazer sentir, explica o USGS.

São alguns segundos de avanço, por vezes dezenas de segundos — o suficiente para parar comboios, imobilizar elevadores ou procurar abrigo.

O México foi pioneiro nos sistemas públicos de alerta sísmico precoce: o seu sistema SASMEX funciona desde o início dos anos 1990 e pode dar à Cidade do México até 60 segundos de aviso, com alertas por sirenes e rádio.

O Japão, com centenas de estações, incluindo sensores no fundo do mar, envia os avisos diretamente para os telemóveis; nos Estados Unidos, o ShakeAlert cobre a costa oeste e chega a parar o metro automaticamente.

Portugal dispõe de vigilância sísmica e informação em tempo quase real através do IPMA, mas não de um sistema público massificado que avise a população segundos antes da chegada do abalo. Para tsunamis, existe um sistema de alerta operado pelo IPMA e integrado no NEAMTWS.

A Venezuela não tinha um sistema oficial de alerta precoce deste tipo. Situado entre as placas das Caraíbas e sul-americana, o país é sismicamente ativo, mas a sua rede nacional de estações de monitorização é limitada, e não dispõe de um sistema oficial de alerta: o organismo de vigilância FUNVISIS monitoriza e informa, mas não emite avisos antecipados.

O que funcionou foi o sistema de alertas da Google para Android, que transforma os acelerómetros de mais de dois mil milhões de telemóveis em minissismógrafos: quando um número suficiente de aparelhos na mesma zona deteta em simultâneo um padrão sísmico, um servidor central confirma o evento e dispara o aviso.

Segundo um estudo publicado na Science em 2025, o sistema já detetou mais de 18 mil sismos desde 2021 e mostrou que os telemóveis podem complementar as redes sísmicas convencionais, sobretudo em regiões sem sistemas oficiais de alerta precoce.

O sistema não é infalível, e foi criticado pelo desempenho insuficiente nos sismos da Turquia e da Síria em 2023, quando subestimou a magnitude e não enviou alertas de nível máximo à maioria dos utilizadores em risco. Mas, na ausência de alternativa, foi o que deu a muitos, em Caracas, alguns segundos para procurar proteção.

Até a ciência aprender a ler a Terra antes de ela se mexer, “prever” um terramoto continua a resumir-se a uma única certeza: a de que vai acontecer.

 

in ZAP

segunda-feira, julho 28, 2025

O Grande Sismo de Tangshan foi há 49 anos....

    
O Sismo de Tangshan de 28 de julho de 1976 foi o mais grave terramoto que afligiu o mundo moderno no que diz respeito a vidas perdidas, tendo sido registado uma magnitude de  7,5 na escala de Richter. Atingiu a cidade da Tangshan, na República Popular da China às 03.52 horas da manhã, matando oficialmente 242.419 pessoas, de acordo com os dados divulgados, mas, segundo algumas fontes, esse número está estimado como sendo três vezes maior.
Muitas das pessoas que sobreviveram ao terramoto ficaram presas sob os edifícios que caíram, não resistindo a uma réplica de magnitude 7,1 quinze horas depois do terramoto principal, seguidos de muitas réplicas de 5.0 e 5.5. Muitas pessoas afirmaram ter visto luzes estranhas na noite anterior ao terramoto, que ficaram conhecidas como as luzes do terramoto.
78% dos edifícios industriais, 93% dos edifícios residenciais, 80% das estações de bombeamento de água e 14 linhas de esgoto ou foram completamente destruídos ou ficaram bastante danificados. As ondas sísmicas libertadas para longe e alguns edifícios localizados tão longe como Pequim, a 140 km do epicentro, ficaram danificados.
O Terramoto de Tangshan é o segundo mais mortífero que foi registado, após o sismo de 1556 de Shanxi, também na China, onde foram registados 830.000 mortos; contudo, documentos deste período são muito difíceis de encontrar.
     
    

   
The Tangshan Earthquake, also known as the Great Tangshan Earthquake, was a natural disaster that occurred on Wednesday, July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. The epicenter of the earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, People's Republic of China, an industrial city with approximately one million inhabitants. The number of deaths initially reported by the Chinese government was 655.000, but this number has since been stated to be around 240.000 to 255.000. Another report indicates that the actual death toll was much higher, at approximately 650.000, and explains that the lower estimates are limited to Tangshan and exclude fatalities in the densely populated surrounding areas.
A further 164.000 people were recorded as being severely injured. The earthquake occurred between a series of political events involving the Communist Party of China, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the ruling Gang of Four by Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng. In traditional Chinese thought, natural disasters are seen as a precursor of dynastic change.
The earthquake hit in the early morning, at 03.42.53,8 local time (1976 July 27 19.42.53,8 UTC), and lasted 14 to 16 seconds. Chinese government official sources state a magnitude of 7,8 on the Richter magnitude scale, though some sources listed it as high as 8,2. It was followed by a major 7,1 magnitude aftershock some 16 hours later, increasing the death toll to over 255.000. The earthquake was generated by the 25-mile long Tangshan Fault, which runs near the city and ruptured due to tectonic forces caused by the Amurian Plate sliding past the Eurasian Plate.
     
Controversial statistics
Until fairly recently, China's political environment has made it difficult to properly gauge the extent of natural disasters. Successive governments have placed more importance on the appearance of harmony rather than accurate information on damages. The Tangshan Earthquake came at a rather politically sensitive time during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, making accurate statistics especially difficult to find. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242.000 people according to official figures, though some sources estimate a death toll up to three times higher. This would make it the deadliest earthquake in modern times, and the second or third deadliest in recorded history. It is worth noting that the population of Tangshan at the time the quake struck was estimated to be around 1.6 million and that most of Tangshan's city proper was flattened.
Many experts believe the Chinese government has never released an accurate death toll for the disaster. The death toll figure of 242.419 came from the Chinese Seismological Service in 1988, while some sources have estimated the death toll to be at 650.000. Others range as high as 700.000. The initial estimates of 655.000 dead and 779.000 injured were released by Hebei Revolutionary Committee.
     
   in Wikipédia
 
NOTA: depois de geólogos chineses terem conseguido prever o sismo de 1975 de Haicheng, a 4 de fevereiro de 1975, este sismo foi uma grande derrota para a Revolução Cultural e para o Partido Comunista Chinês - a ponto de que nunca conseguiremos saber os verdadeiros números de mortos provocados por este terramoto (foram bem mais - talvez três vezes mais) do que os cerca de 250 mil oficiais...

domingo, julho 28, 2024

O Grande Sismo de Tangshan foi há 48 anos....

    
O Sismo de Tangshan de 28 de julho de 1976 foi o mais grave terramoto que afligiu o mundo moderno no que diz respeito a vidas perdidas, tendo sido registado uma magnitude de  7,5 na escala de Richter. Atingiu a cidade da Tangshan, na República Popular da China às 03.52 horas da manhã, matando oficialmente 242.419 pessoas, de acordo com os dados divulgados, mas, segundo algumas fontes, esse número está estimado como sendo três vezes maior.
Muitas das pessoas que sobreviveram ao terramoto ficaram presas sob os edifícios que caíram, não resistindo à réplica de magnitude 7,1 quinze horas depois do terramoto principal, seguidos de muitas réplicas de 5.0 e 5.5. Muitas pessoas afirmaram ter visto luzes estranhas na noite anterior ao terramoto, que ficaram conhecidas como as luzes do terramoto.
78% dos edifícios industriais, 93% dos edifícios residenciais, 80% das estações de bombeamento de água e 14 linhas de esgoto ou foram completamente destruídos ou ficaram bastante danificados. As ondas sísmicas libertadas para longe e alguns edifícios localizados tão longe como Pequim, a 140 km do epicentro, ficaram danificados.
O Terramoto de Tangshan é o segundo mais mortífero que foi registado, após o sismo de 1556 de Shanxi, também na China, onde foram registados 830.000 mortos; contudo, documentos deste período são muito difíceis de encontrar.
     
    

   
The Tangshan Earthquake, also known as the Great Tangshan Earthquake, was a natural disaster that occurred on Wednesday, July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. The epicenter of the earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, People's Republic of China, an industrial city with approximately one million inhabitants. The number of deaths initially reported by the Chinese government was 655.000, but this number has since been stated to be around 240.000 to 255.000. Another report indicates that the actual death toll was much higher, at approximately 650.000, and explains that the lower estimates are limited to Tangshan and exclude fatalities in the densely populated surrounding areas.
A further 164.000 people were recorded as being severely injured. The earthquake occurred between a series of political events involving the Communist Party of China, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the ruling Gang of Four by Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng. In traditional Chinese thought, natural disasters are seen as a precursor of dynastic change.
The earthquake hit in the early morning, at 03.42.53,8 local time (1976 July 27 19.42.53,8 UTC), and lasted 14 to 16 seconds. Chinese government official sources state a magnitude of 7,8 on the Richter magnitude scale, though some sources listed it as high as 8,2. It was followed by a major 7,1 magnitude aftershock some 16 hours later, increasing the death toll to over 255.000. The earthquake was generated by the 25-mile long Tangshan Fault, which runs near the city and ruptured due to tectonic forces caused by the Amurian Plate sliding past the Eurasian Plate.
     
Controversial statistics
Until fairly recently, China's political environment has made it difficult to properly gauge the extent of natural disasters. Successive governments have placed more importance on the appearance of harmony rather than accurate information on damages. The Tangshan Earthquake came at a rather politically sensitive time during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, making accurate statistics especially difficult to find. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242.000 people according to official figures, though some sources estimate a death toll up to three times higher. This would make it the deadliest earthquake in modern times, and the second or third deadliest in recorded history. It is worth noting that the population of Tangshan at the time the quake struck was estimated to be around 1.6 million and that most of Tangshan's city proper was flattened.
Many experts believe the Chinese government has never released an accurate death toll for the disaster. The death toll figure of 242.419 came from the Chinese Seismological Service in 1988, while some sources have estimated the death toll to be at 650.000. Others range as high as 700.000. The initial estimates of 655.000 dead and 779.000 injured were released by Hebei Revolutionary Committee.
     
   in Wikipédia
 
NOTA: depois de geólogos chineses terem conseguido prever o sismo de 1975 de Haicheng, a 4 de fevereiro de 1975, este sismo foi uma grande derrota para a Revolução Cultural e para o Partido Comunista Chinês - a ponto de que nunca saberemos os verdadeiros números de mortos provocados por este terramoto (foram bem mais - talvez três vezes mais) do que os cerca de 250 mil oficiais...

sexta-feira, julho 28, 2023

O Grande Sismo de Tangshan foi há 47 anos....

    
O Sismo de Tangshan de 28 de julho de 1976 foi o mais grave terramoto que afligiu o mundo moderno no que diz respeito a vidas perdidas, tendo sido registado uma magnitude de  7,5 na escala de Richter. Atingiu a cidade da Tangshan, na República Popular da China às 03.52 horas da manhã, matando oficialmente 242.419 pessoas, de acordo com os dados divulgados, mas, segundo algumas fontes, esse número está estimado como sendo três vezes maior.
Muitas das pessoas que sobreviveram ao terramoto ficaram presas sob os edifícios que caíram, não resistindo à réplica de magnitude 7,1 quinze horas depois do terramoto principal, seguidos de muitas réplicas de 5.0 e 5.5. Muitas pessoas afirmaram ter visto luzes estranhas na noite anterior ao terramoto, que ficaram conhecidas como as luzes do terramoto.
78% dos edifícios industriais, 93% dos edifícios residenciais, 80% das estações de bombeamento de água e 14 linhas de esgoto ou foram completamente destruídos ou ficaram bastante danificados. As ondas sísmicas libertadas para longe e alguns edifícios localizados tão longe como Pequim, a 140 km do epicentro, ficaram danificados.
O Terramoto de Tangshan é o segundo mais mortífero que foi registado, ficando após o sismo de 1556 de Shanxi, também na China, onde foram registados 830.000 mortos; contudo, documentos deste período são muito difíceis de encontrar.
     
    

   
The Tangshan Earthquake, also known as the Great Tangshan Earthquake, was a natural disaster that occurred on Wednesday, July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. The epicenter of the earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, People's Republic of China, an industrial city with approximately one million inhabitants. The number of deaths initially reported by the Chinese government was 655.000, but this number has since been stated to be around 240.000 to 255.000. Another report indicates that the actual death toll was much higher, at approximately 650.000, and explains that the lower estimates are limited to Tangshan and exclude fatalities in the densely populated surrounding areas.
A further 164.000 people were recorded as being severely injured. The earthquake occurred between a series of political events involving the Communist Party of China, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the ruling Gang of Four by Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng. In traditional Chinese thought, natural disasters are seen as a precursor of dynastic change.
The earthquake hit in the early morning, at 03.42.53,8 local time (1976 July 27 19.42.53,8 UTC), and lasted 14 to 16 seconds. Chinese government official sources state a magnitude of 7,8 on the Richter magnitude scale, though some sources listed it as high as 8,2. It was followed by a major 7,1 magnitude aftershock some 16 hours later, increasing the death toll to over 255.000. The earthquake was generated by the 25-mile long Tangshan Fault, which runs near the city and ruptured due to tectonic forces caused by the Amurian Plate sliding past the Eurasian Plate.
     
Controversial statistics
Until fairly recently, China's political environment has made it difficult to properly gauge the extent of natural disasters. Successive governments have placed more importance on the appearance of harmony rather than accurate information on damages. The Tangshan Earthquake came at a rather politically sensitive time during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, making accurate statistics especially difficult to find. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242.000 people according to official figures, though some sources estimate a death toll up to three times higher. This would make it the deadliest earthquake in modern times, and the second or third deadliest in recorded history. It is worth noting that the population of Tangshan at the time the quake struck was estimated to be around 1.6 million and that most of Tangshan's city proper was flattened.
Many experts believe the Chinese government has never released an accurate death toll for the disaster. The death toll figure of 242.419 came from the Chinese Seismological Service in 1988, while some sources have estimated the death toll to be at 650.000. Others range as high as 700.000. The initial estimates of 655.000 dead and 779.000 injured were released by Hebei Revolutionary Committee.
     
   in Wikipédia
 
NOTA: depois de geólogos chineses terem conseguido prever o sismo de 1975 de Haicheng, a 4 de fevereiro de 1975, este sismo foi uma grande derrota para a Revolução Cultural e para o Partido Comunista Chinês - a ponto de que nunca saberemos os verdadeiros números de mortos provocados por este terramoto (foram bem mais - talvez três vezes mais) do que os cerca de 250 mil oficiais...

quinta-feira, julho 28, 2022

O Grande Sismo de Tangshan foi há 46 anos....

    
O Sismo de Tangshan de 28 de julho de 1976 foi o mais grave terramoto que afligiu o mundo moderno no que diz respeito a vidas perdidas, tendo sido registado uma magnitude de  7,5 na escala de Richter. Atingiu a cidade da Tangshan, na República Popular da China às 03.52 horas da manhã, matando oficialmente 242.419 pessoas, de acordo com os dados divulgados, mas, segundo algumas fontes, esse número está estimado como sendo três vezes maior.
Muitas das pessoas que sobreviveram ao terramoto ficaram presas sob os edifícios que caíram, não resistindo à réplica de magnitude 7,1 quinze horas depois do terramoto principal, seguidos de muitas réplicas de 5.0 e 5.5. Muitas pessoas afirmaram ter visto luzes estranhas na noite anterior ao terramoto, que ficaram conhecidas como as luzes do terramoto.
78% dos edifícios industriais, 93% dos edifícios residenciais, 80% das estações de bombeamento de água e 14 linhas de esgoto ou foram completamente destruídos ou ficaram bastante danificados. As ondas sísmicas libertadas para longe e alguns edifícios localizados tão longe como Pequim, a 140 km do epicentro, ficaram danificados.
O Terramoto de Tangshan é o segundo mais mortífero que foi registado, ficando após o sismo de 1556 de Shanxi, também na China, onde foram registados 830.000 mortos; contudo, documentos deste período são muito difíceis de encontrar.
     
    
   
The Tangshan Earthquake, also known as the Great Tangshan Earthquake, was a natural disaster that occurred on Wednesday, July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. The epicenter of the earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, People's Republic of China, an industrial city with approximately one million inhabitants. The number of deaths initially reported by the Chinese government was 655.000, but this number has since been stated to be around 240.000 to 255.000. Another report indicates that the actual death toll was much higher, at approximately 650.000, and explains that the lower estimates are limited to Tangshan and exclude fatalities in the densely populated surrounding areas.
A further 164.000 people were recorded as being severely injured. The earthquake occurred between a series of political events involving the Communist Party of China, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the ruling Gang of Four by Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng. In traditional Chinese thought, natural disasters are seen as a precursor of dynastic change.
The earthquake hit in the early morning, at 03.42.53,8 local time (1976 July 27 19.42.53,8 UTC), and lasted 14 to 16 seconds. Chinese government official sources state a magnitude of 7,8 on the Richter magnitude scale, though some sources listed it as high as 8,2. It was followed by a major 7,1 magnitude aftershock some 16 hours later, increasing the death toll to over 255.000. The earthquake was generated by the 25-mile long Tangshan Fault, which runs near the city and ruptured due to tectonic forces caused by the Amurian Plate sliding past the Eurasian Plate.
     
Controversial statistics
Until fairly recently, China's political environment has made it difficult to properly gauge the extent of natural disasters. Successive governments have placed more importance on the appearance of harmony rather than accurate information on damages. The Tangshan Earthquake came at a rather politically sensitive time during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, making accurate statistics especially difficult to find. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242.000 people according to official figures, though some sources estimate a death toll up to three times higher. This would make it the deadliest earthquake in modern times, and the second or third deadliest in recorded history. It is worth noting that the population of Tangshan at the time the quake struck was estimated to be around 1.6 million and that most of Tangshan's city proper was flattened.
Many experts believe the Chinese government has never released an accurate death toll for the disaster. The death toll figure of 242.419 came from the Chinese Seismological Service in 1988, while some sources have estimated the death toll to be at 650.000. Others range as high as 700.000. The initial estimates of 655.000 dead and 779.000 injured were released by Hebei Revolutionary Committee.
     
   in Wikipédia
 
NOTA: depois de geólogos chineses terem conseguido prever o sismo de 1975 de Haicheng, a 4 de fevereiro de 1975, este sismo foi uma grande derrota para a Revolução Cultural e para o Partido Comunista Chinês - a ponto de que nunca saberemos os verdadeiros números de mortos provocados por este terramoto...

quarta-feira, julho 28, 2021

O inacreditável Grande Sismo de Tangshan foi há 45 anos....

    
O Sismo de Tangshan de 28 de julho de 1976 foi o mais grave terramoto que afligiu o mundo moderno no que diz respeito a vidas perdidas, tendo sido registado uma magnitude de  7,5 na escala de Richter. Atingiu a cidade da Tangshan, na República Popular da China às 03.52 horas da manhã, matando oficialmente 242.419 pessoas, de acordo com os dados divulgados, mas, segundo algumas fontes, esse número está estimado como sendo três vezes maior.
Muitas das pessoas que sobreviveram ao terramoto ficaram presas sob os edifícios que caíram, não resistindo à réplica de magnitude 7,1 quinze horas depois do terramoto principal, seguidos de muitas réplicas de 5.0 e 5.5. Muitas pessoas afirmaram ter visto luzes estranhas na noite anterior ao terramoto, que ficaram conhecidas como as luzes do terramoto.
78% dos edifícios industriais, 93% dos edifícios residenciais, 80% das estações de bombeamento de água e 14 linhas de esgoto ou foram completamente destruídos ou ficaram bastante danificados. As ondas sísmicas libertadas para longe e alguns edifícios localizados tão longe como Pequim, a 140 km do epicentro, ficaram danificados.
O Terramoto de Tangshan é o segundo mais mortífero que foi registado, ficando após o sismo de 1556 de Shanxi, também na China, onde foram registados 830.000 mortos; contudo, documentos deste período são muito difíceis de encontrar.
     
    
   
The Tangshan Earthquake, also known as the Great Tangshan Earthquake, was a natural disaster that occurred on Wednesday, July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. The epicenter of the earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, People's Republic of China, an industrial city with approximately one million inhabitants. The number of deaths initially reported by the Chinese government was 655.000, but this number has since been stated to be around 240.000 to 255.000. Another report indicates that the actual death toll was much higher, at approximately 650.000, and explains that the lower estimates are limited to Tangshan and exclude fatalities in the densely populated surrounding areas.
A further 164.000 people were recorded as being severely injured. The earthquake occurred between a series of political events involving the Communist Party of China, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the ruling Gang of Four by Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng. In traditional Chinese thought, natural disasters are seen as a precursor of dynastic change.
The earthquake hit in the early morning, at 03.42.53,8 local time (1976 July 27 19.42.53,8 UTC), and lasted 14 to 16 seconds. Chinese government official sources state a magnitude of 7,8 on the Richter magnitude scale, though some sources listed it as high as 8,2. It was followed by a major 7,1 magnitude aftershock some 16 hours later, increasing the death toll to over 255.000. The earthquake was generated by the 25-mile long Tangshan Fault, which runs near the city and ruptured due to tectonic forces caused by the Amurian Plate sliding past the Eurasian Plate.
     
Controversial statistics
Until fairly recently, China's political environment has made it difficult to properly gauge the extent of natural disasters. Successive governments have placed more importance on the appearance of harmony rather than accurate information on damages. The Tangshan Earthquake came at a rather politically sensitive time during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, making accurate statistics especially difficult to find. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242.000 people according to official figures, though some sources estimate a death toll up to three times higher. This would make it the deadliest earthquake in modern times, and the second or third deadliest in recorded history. It is worth noting that the population of Tangshan at the time the quake struck was estimated to be around 1.6 million and that most of Tangshan's city proper was flattened.
Many experts believe the Chinese government has never released an accurate death toll for the disaster. The death toll figure of 242.419 came from the Chinese Seismological Service in 1988, while some sources have estimated the death toll to be at 650.000. Others range as high as 700.000. The initial estimates of 655.000 dead and 779.000 injured were released by Hebei Revolutionary Committee.
     
   in Wikipédia
 
NOTA: depois de geólogos terem conseguido prever o sismo de 1975 de Haicheng, a 4 de fevereiro de 1975, este sismo foi uma grande derrota para a Revolução Cultural e para o Partido Comunista Chinês - a ponto de, ainda hoje, não sabermos os números reais de mortos provocados por este desastre natural...

terça-feira, julho 28, 2020

O Grande Sismo de Tangshan foi há 44 anos

   
O Sismo de Tangshan de 28 de julho de 1976 foi o mais grave terramoto que afligiu o mundo moderno no que diz respeito a vidas perdidas, tendo sido registado uma magnitude de  7,5 na escala de Richter. Atingiu a cidade da Tangshan, na República Popular da China às 03.52 horas da manhã, matando oficialmente 242.419 pessoas, de acordo com os dados oficias, mas segundo algumas fontes esse número está estimado como sendo três vezes maior.
Muitas das pessoas que sobreviveram ao terramoto ficaram presas sob os edifícios que caíram, não resistindo à réplica de magnitude 7,1 15 horas depois do terramoto principal, seguidos de muitas réplicas de 5.0 e 5.5. Muitas pessoas afirmaram ter visto luzes estranhas na noite anterior ao terramoto, que ficaram conhecidas como as luzes do terramoto.
78% dos edifícios industriais, 93% dos edifícios residenciais, 80% das estações de bombeamento de água e 14 linhas de esgoto ou foram completamente destruídos ou ficaram bastante danificados. As ondas sísmicas libertadas para longe e alguns edifícios localizados tão longe como Pequim, a 140 km do epicentro, ficaram danificados.
O Terramoto de Tangshan é o segundo mais mortífero que foi registado, ficando após o sismo de 1556 de Shanxi, também na China, onde foram registados 830.000 mortos; contudo, documentos deste período são muito difíceis de encontrar.
     
    
   
The Tangshan Earthquake, also known as the Great Tangshan Earthquake, was a natural disaster that occurred on Wednesday, July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. The epicenter of the earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, People's Republic of China, an industrial city with approximately one million inhabitants. The number of deaths initially reported by the Chinese government was 655.000, but this number has since been stated to be around 240.000 to 255.000. Another report indicates that the actual death toll was much higher, at approximately 650.000, and explains that the lower estimates are limited to Tangshan and exclude fatalities in the densely populated surrounding areas.
A further 164.000 people were recorded as being severely injured. The earthquake occurred between a series of political events involving the Communist Party of China, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the ruling Gang of Four by Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng. In traditional Chinese thought, natural disasters are seen as a precursor of dynastic change.
The earthquake hit in the early morning, at 03.42.53,8 local time (1976 July 27 19.42.53,8 UTC), and lasted 14 to 16 seconds. Chinese government official sources state a magnitude of 7,8 on the Richter magnitude scale, though some sources listed it as high as 8,2. It was followed by a major 7,1 magnitude aftershock some 16 hours later, increasing the death toll to over 255.000. The earthquake was generated by the 25-mile long Tangshan Fault, which runs near the city and ruptured due to tectonic forces caused by the Amurian Plate sliding past the Eurasian Plate.
     
Controversial statistics
Until fairly recently, China's political environment has made it difficult to properly gauge the extent of natural disasters. Successive governments have placed more importance on the appearance of harmony rather than accurate information on damages. The Tangshan Earthquake came at a rather politically sensitive time during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, making accurate statistics especially difficult to find. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242.000 people according to official figures, though some sources estimate a death toll up to three times higher. This would make it the deadliest earthquake in modern times, and the second or third deadliest in recorded history. It is worth noting that the population of Tangshan at the time the quake struck was estimated to be around 1.6 million and that most of Tangshan's city proper was flattened.
Many experts believe the Chinese government has never released an accurate death toll for the disaster. The death toll figure of 242.419 came from the Chinese Seismological Service in 1988, while some sources have estimated the death toll to be at 650.000. Others range as high as 700.000. The initial estimates of 655.000 dead and 779.000 injured were released by Hebei Revolutionary Committee.
     
   in Wikipédia

domingo, julho 28, 2019

O Sismo de Tangshan foi há 43 anos

O Sismo de Tangshan de 28 de julho de 1976 foi o mais grave terramoto que afligiu o mundo moderno no que diz respeito a vidas perdidas, tendo sido registado uma magnitude de  7,5 na escala de Richter. Atingiu a cidade da Tangshan, na República Popular da China às 03.52 horas da manhã, matando oficialmente 242.419 pessoas, de acordo com os dados oficias, mas segundo algumas fontes esse número está estimado como sendo três vezes maior.
Muitas das pessoas que sobreviveram ao terramoto ficaram presas sob os edifícios que caíram, não resistindo à réplica de magnitude 7,1 15 horas depois do terramoto principal, seguidos de muitas réplicas de 5.0 e 5.5. Muitas pessoas afirmaram ter visto luzes estranhas na noite anterior ao terramoto, que ficaram conhecidas como as luzes do terramoto.
78% dos edifícios industriais, 93% dos edifícios residenciais, 80% das estações de bombeamento de água e 14 linhas de esgoto ou foram completamente destruídos ou ficaram bastante danificados. As ondas sísmicas libertadas para longe e alguns edifícios localizados tão longe como Pequim, a 140 km do epicentro, ficaram danificados.
O Terramoto de Tangshan é o segundo mais mortífero que foi registado, ficando após o sismo de 1556 de Shanxi, também na China, onde foram registados 830.000 mortos; contudo, documentos deste período são muito difíceis de encontrar.
   
   
The Tangshan Earthquake, also known as the Great Tangshan Earthquake, was a natural disaster that occurred on Wednesday, July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. The epicenter of the earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, People's Republic of China, an industrial city with approximately one million inhabitants. The number of deaths initially reported by the Chinese government was 655.000, but this number has since been stated to be around 240.000 to 255.000. Another report indicates that the actual death toll was much higher, at approximately 650.000, and explains that the lower estimates are limited to Tangshan and exclude fatalities in the densely populated surrounding areas.
A further 164.000 people were recorded as being severely injured. The earthquake occurred between a series of political events involving the Communist Party of China, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the ruling Gang of Four by Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng. In traditional Chinese thought, natural disasters are seen as a precursor of dynastic change.
The earthquake hit in the early morning, at 03.42.53,8 local time (1976 July 27 19.42.53,8 UTC), and lasted 14 to 16 seconds. Chinese government official sources state a magnitude of 7,8 on the Richter magnitude scale, though some sources listed it as high as 8,2. It was followed by a major 7,1 magnitude aftershock some 16 hours later, increasing the death toll to over 255.000. The earthquake was generated by the 25-mile long Tangshan Fault, which runs near the city and ruptured due to tectonic forces caused by the Amurian Plate sliding past the Eurasian Plate.
  
Controversial statistics
Until fairly recently, China's political environment has made it difficult to properly gauge the extent of natural disasters. Successive governments have placed more importance on the appearance of harmony rather than accurate information on damages. The Tangshan Earthquake came at a rather politically sensitive time during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, making accurate statistics especially difficult to find. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242.000 people according to official figures, though some sources estimate a death toll up to three times higher. This would make it the deadliest earthquake in modern times, and the second or third deadliest in recorded history. It is worth noting that the population of Tangshan at the time the quake struck was estimated to be around 1.6 million and that most of Tangshan's city proper was flattened.
Many experts believe the Chinese government has never released an accurate death toll for the disaster. The death toll figure of 242.419 came from the Chinese Seismological Service in 1988, while some sources have estimated the death toll to be at 650.000. Others range as high as 700.000. The initial estimates of 655.000 dead and 779.000 injured were released by Hebei Revolutionary Committee.
  

quinta-feira, julho 28, 2016

Há 40 anos houve um espantoso sismo em Tangshan

The Tangshan earthquake, also known as the Great Tangshan earthquake, was a natural disaster that occurred on July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. The epicenter of the earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, People's Republic of China, an industrial city with approximately one million inhabitants. The number of deaths initially reported by the Chinese government was 655,000, but this number has since been stated to be around 240,000 to 255,000. Another report indicates that the actual death toll was much higher, at approximately 650,000, and explains that the lower estimates are limited to Tangshan and exclude fatalities in the densely populated surrounding areas.
A further 164,000 people were recorded as being severely injured. The earthquake occurred between a series of political events involving the Communist Party of China, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the ruling Gang of Four by Mao Zedong's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng. In traditional Chinese thought, natural disasters are seen as a precursor of dynastic change.
The earthquake hit in the early morning and lasted 14 to 16 seconds. Chinese government official sources state a magnitude of 7.8 on the Richter magnitude scale, though some sources listed it as high as 8.2. It was followed by a major 7.1 magnitude aftershock some 16 hours later, increasing the death toll to over 255,000. The earthquake was generated by the 25-mile-long Tangshan Fault, which runs near the city and ruptured due to tectonic forces caused by the Amurian Plate sliding past the Eurasian Plate.

(...)

Until fairly recently, China's political environment has made it difficult to properly gauge the extent of natural disasters. Successive governments have placed more importance on the appearance of harmony rather than accurate information on damages. The Tangshan Earthquake came at a rather politically sensitive time during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, making accurate statistics especially difficult to find. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242,000 people according to official figures, though some sources estimate a death toll up to three times higher. This would make it the deadliest earthquake in modern times, and the second or third deadliest in recorded history. It is worth noting that the population of Tangshan at the time the quake struck was estimated to be around 1.6 million and that most of Tangshan's city proper was flattened.
Many experts believe the Chinese government has never released an accurate death toll for the disaster. The death toll figure of 242,419 came from the Chinese Seismological Service in 1988, while some sources have estimated the death toll to be at 650,000. Others range as high as 700,000. The initial estimates of 655,000 dead and 779,000 injured were released by Hebei Revolutionary Committee.


segunda-feira, julho 28, 2014

Há 38 anos a China provou que ainda não era possível prever sismos

O Sismo de Tangshan de 28 de julho de 1976 foi o mais grave terramoto que afligiu o mundo moderno em relação às vidas perdidas, tendo sido registados 7,5 graus na escala de Richter. Atingiu a cidade da Tangshan, na República Popular da China às 03.52 horas da manhã, matando oficialmente 242.419 pessoas, de acordo com os dados oficias, mas segundo algumas fontes esse número está estimado como sendo três vezes maior.
Muitas das pessoas que sobreviveram ao terramoto ficaram presas sob os edifícios que caíram, não resistindo à réplica de magnitude 7,1 15 horas depois do terramoto principal, seguidos de muitas réplicas de 5.0 e 5.5. Muitas pessoas afirmaram ter visto luzes estranhas na noite anterior ao terramoto, que ficaram conhecidas como as luzes do terramoto.
78% dos edifícios industriais, 93% dos edifícios residenciais, 80% das estações de bombeamento de água e 14 linhas de esgoto ou foram completamente destruídos ou ficaram bastante danificados. As ondas sísmicas libertadas para longe e alguns edifícios localizados tão longe como Pequim, a 140 km do epicentro, ficaram danificados.
O Terramoto de Tangshan é o segundo mais mortífero que foi registado, ficando após o sismo de 1556 de Shanxi, também na China, onde foram registados 830.000 mortos; contudo, documentos deste período são muito difíceis de encontrar.

  
The Tangshan Earthquake, also known as the Great Tangshan Earthquake, was a natural disaster that occurred on Wednesday, July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. The epicenter of the earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, People's Republic of China, an industrial city with approximately one million inhabitants. The number of deaths initially reported by the Chinese government was 655.000, but this number has since been stated to be around 240.000 to 255.000. Another report indicates that the actual death toll was much higher, at approximately 650.000, and explains that the lower estimates are limited to Tangshan and exclude fatalities in the densely populated surrounding areas.
A further 164.000 people were recorded as being severely injured. The earthquake occurred between a series of political events involving the Communist Party of China, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the ruling Gang of Four by Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng. In traditional Chinese thought, natural disasters are seen as a precursor of dynastic change.
The earthquake hit in the early morning, at 03.42.53,8 local time (1976 July 27 19.42.53,8 UTC), and lasted 14 to 16 seconds. Chinese government official sources state a magnitude of 7,8 on the Richter magnitude scale, though some sources listed it as high as 8,2. It was followed by a major 7,1 magnitude aftershock some 16 hours later, increasing the death toll to over 255.000. The earthquake was generated by the 25-mile long Tangshan Fault, which runs near the city and ruptured due to tectonic forces caused by the Amurian Plate sliding past the Eurasian Plate.

Controversial statistics
Until fairly recently, China's political environment has made it difficult to properly gauge the extent of natural disasters. Successive governments have placed more importance on the appearance of harmony rather than accurate information on damages. The Tangshan Earthquake came at a rather politically sensitive time during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, making accurate statistics especially difficult to find. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242.000 people according to official figures, though some sources estimate a death toll up to three times higher. This would make it the deadliest earthquake in modern times, and the second or third deadliest in recorded history. It is worth noting that the population of Tangshan at the time the quake struck was estimated to be around 1.6 million and that most of Tangshan's city proper was flattened.
Many experts believe the Chinese government has never released an accurate death toll for the disaster. The death toll figure of 242.419 came from the Chinese Seismological Service in 1988, while some sources have estimated the death toll to be at 650.000. Others range as high as 700.000. The initial estimates of 655.000 dead and 779.000 injured were released by Hebei Revolutionary Committee.

domingo, julho 28, 2013

O sismo que mais mortos provocou no século XX foi há 37 anos

The Tangshan Earthquake, also known as the Great Tangshan Earthquake, was a natural disaster that occurred on Wednesday, July 28, 1976. It is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. The epicenter of the earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, People's Republic of China, an industrial city with approximately one million inhabitants. The number of deaths initially reported by the Chinese government was 655,000, but this number has since been stated to be around 240,000 to 255,000. Another report indicates that the actual death toll was much higher, at approximately 650,000 and explains that the lower estimates are limited to Tangshan and exclude fatalities in the densely populated surrounding areas.
A further 164,000 people were recorded as being severely injured. The earthquake occurred between a series of political events involving the Communist Party of China, ultimately leading to the expulsion of the ruling Gang of Four by Mao's chosen successor Hua Guofeng. In traditional Chinese thought, natural disasters are seen as a precursor of dynastic change.
The earthquake hit in the early morning, at 03:42:53.8 local time (1976 July 27 19:42:53.8 UTC), and lasted 14 to 16 seconds. Chinese government official sources state a magnitude of 7.8 on the Richter magnitude scale, though some sources listed it as high as 8.2. It was followed by a major 7.1 magnitude aftershock some 16 hours later, increasing the death toll to over 255,000. The earthquake was generated by the 25-mile long Tangshan Fault, which runs near the city and ruptured due to tectonic forces caused by the Amurian Plate sliding past the Eurasian Plate.

(...)
  
Controversial statistics
Until fairly recently, China's political environment has made it difficult to properly gauge the extent of natural disasters. Successive governments have placed more importance on the appearance of harmony rather than accurate information on damages. The Tangshan Earthquake came at a rather politically sensitive time during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, making accurate statistics especially difficult to find. The Tangshan earthquake killed 242,000 people according to official figures, though some sources estimate a death toll up to three times higher. This would make it the deadliest earthquake in modern times, and the second or third deadliest in recorded history. It is worth noting that the population of Tangshan at the time the quake struck was estimated to be around 1.6 million and that most of Tangshan's city proper was flattened.
Many experts believe the Chinese government has never released an accurate death toll for the disaster. The death toll figure of 242,419 came from the Chinese Seismological Service in 1988, while some sources have estimated the death toll to be at 650,000. Others range as high as 700,000. The initial estimates of 655,000 dead and 779,000 injured were released by Hebei Revolutionary Committee.
A Tangshan earthquake memorial in Tianjin

Aftermath
The Chinese government refused to accept international aid from the United Nations, and insisted on self-reliance. Shanghai sent 56 medical teams to Tangshan, in addition to the People's Liberation Army who were assisting while also trying to fix their tarnished image of Red guards destructions earlier. Rebuilding infrastructure started immediately in Tangshan, and the city was completely rebuilt. Today Tangshan city is home to nearly three million people and is known as "Brave City of China."

Political aftermath
The earthquake came in one of the most dramatic years in the history of the People's Republic. The earthquake was preceded by the death of Zhou Enlai in earlier months and followed by the death of Mao Zedong in September. The political repercussions of the disaster and its aftermath contributed to the end of the Cultural Revolution. Mao's chosen successor Hua Guofeng showed concern, thereby solidifying his status as China's leader. He, with Chen Yonggui, made a personal visit to Tangshan on August 4 to survey the damage and was photographed in the tasks of cleaning up and comforting the survivors.
Leaders who opposed the return of Deng Xiaoping, especially the group which became known as Gang of Four, filled the press with concern for the victims, but explicitly said that the nation should not be diverted by the earthquake, and that the priority was to denounce Deng instead. Jiang Qing was widely quoted as saying "There were merely several hundred thousand deaths. So what? Denouncing Deng Xiaoping concerns 800 million people." Other Gang of Four slogans said: "Be alert to Deng Xiaoping's criminal attempt to exploit earthquake phobia to suppress revolution!"

NOTA: depois de terem previsto o sismo de 1975 de Haicheng, a 4 de fevereiro de 1975, este sismo foi uma grande derrota para a Revolução Cultural e para o Partido Comunista Chinês - a ponto de, ainda hoje, não sabermos os números reais de mortos provocados por este desastre natural...