O
sismo de Shaanxi ou
sismo do Condado de Hua é o
sismo mais mortífero da
história recente, no qual morreram aproximadamente 830.000 pessoas. Ocorreu na manhã do
23 de janeiro de
1556, em
Shaanxi, na
China. Mais de noventa e sete condados nas províncias de Shaanxi,
Shanxi,
Henan,
Gansu,
Hebei,
Shandong,
Hubei,
Hunan,
Jiangsu e
Anhui foram afetadas. Uma área de mais de 1300 km² foi destruída e em alguns condados morreu até 60% da
população. Até esse momento, a população vivia em
cavernas artificiais nos penhascos de
Loess, que caíram durante o desastre.
The
1556 Shaanxi earthquake or
Jiajing earthquake was a catastrophic earthquake and is also the
deadliest earthquake on record, killing approximately 830.000 people. It occurred on the morning of 23 January 1556 in
Shaanxi, during the
Ming Dynasty. More than 97 counties in the provinces of Shaanxi,
Shanxi,
Henan,
Gansu,
Hebei,
Shandong,
Hubei,
Hunan,
Jiangsu and
Anhui
were affected. An 840-kilometre-wide area was destroyed, and in some
counties 60% of the population was killed. Most of the population in the
area at the time lived in
yaodongs, artificial caves in
loess cliffs, many of which collapsed with catastrophic loss of life.
Geography
The Shaanxi earthquake's epicenter was in the Wei River Valley in Shaanxi Province, near the cities of
Huaxian,
Weinan and
Huayin.
In Huaxian, every single building and home was demolished, killing
more than half the residents of the city, with a death toll estimated
in the hundreds of thousands. The situation in Weinan and Huayin was
similar. In certain areas, 20-metre (66 ft) deep crevices opened in the
earth. Destruction and death were everywhere, affecting places as far
as 500 kilometres (310 mi) from the epicenter. The earthquake also
triggered landslides, which contributed to the massive death toll. The rupture occurred during the reign of the
Jiajing Emperor of the
Ming Dynasty. Therefore, in Chinese historical record, this earthquake is often referred to as the
Jiajing Great Earthquake.
Modern estimates, based on geological data, give the earthquake a magnitude of approximately 8 on the
moment magnitude scale or XI on the
Mercalli scale, though more recent discoveries have shown that it was 7.9. While it was the deadliest earthquake and the fourth
deadliest natural disaster in history, there have been earthquakes with considerably higher magnitudes. Following the earthquake,
aftershocks continued several times a month for half a year.
In the annals of
China it was described in this manner:
In the winter of 1556, an earthquake catastrophe occurred in the Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces. In our Hua County,
various misfortunes took place. Mountains and rivers changed places
and roads were destroyed. In some places, the ground suddenly rose up
and formed new hills, or it sank abruptly and became new valleys. In
other areas, a stream burst out in an instant, or the ground broke and
new gullies appeared. Huts, official houses, temples and city walls
collapsed all of a sudden.
The earthquake damaged many of the
Forest of Stone steles badly. Of the 114
Kaicheng Stone Classics, 40 were broken in the earthquake.
T he scholar
Qin Keda
lived through the earthquake and recorded details. One conclusion he
drew was that "at the very beginning of an earthquake, people indoors
should not go out immediately. Just crouch down and wait. Even if the
nest has collapsed, some eggs may remain intact."
This may indicate that many people were killed trying to flee while
some who stayed put may have survived. The shaking reduced the height of
the
Small Wild Goose Pagoda in
Xi'an from 45 meters to 43,4 meters.
Loess caves
Millions of people at the time lived in artificial Loess caves on high cliffs in the area of the
Loess Plateau.
Loess is the name for the silty soil that
windstorms deposited on the plateau over the ages. The soft loess clay had formed over thousands of years due to wind blowing
silt into the area from the
Gobi Desert.
Loess is a highly erosion-prone soil that is susceptible to the forces
of wind and water. The Loess Plateau and its dusty soil cover almost
all of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces and parts of others. Much
of the population lived in dwellings called
yaodongs in these cliffs. This was the major contributing factor to the huge death toll. The earthquake caused
landslides, which destroyed the caves.
Cost
The cost of damage done by the earthquake is almost impossible to
measure in modern terms. The death toll, however, has been traditionally
given as 820.000 to 830.000.
The accompanying property damage would have been incalculable – an
entire region of inner China had been destroyed and an estimated 60% of
the region’s population died.
Foreign reaction
The Portuguese
Dominican friar
Gaspar da Cruz, who visited
Guangzhou later in 1556, heard about the earthquake, and later reported about it in the last chapter of his book,
A Treatise of China (1569). He viewed the earthquake as a possible punishment for people's sins, and the
Great Comet of 1556 as, possibly, the sign of this calamity (as well as perhaps the sign of the birth of the
Antichrist).