A Lei Seca norte-americana acabou há 91 anos...!

Pre-Prohibition saloons were mostly male establishments; post-Prohibition bars catered to both males and females

    

The Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 17, 1920. The Twenty-first amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933. It is unique among the 27 Amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a previous Amendment, and for being the only one to have been ratified by the method of the state ratifying convention.

   

Text

Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

  

Backgroud

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution had ushered in a period of time known as Prohibition, during which the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal. Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 was the crowning achievement of the temperance movement, but it soon proved highly unpopular. Crime rates soared under Prohibition as gangsters, such as Chicago's Al Capone, became rich from a profitable, often violent, black market for alcohol. The federal government was incapable of stemming the tide: enforcement of the Volstead Act proved to be a nearly impossible task and corruption was rife among law enforcement agencies. In 1932, wealthy industrialist John D. Rockefeller, Jr. stated in a letter:

When Prohibition was introduced, I hoped that it would be widely supported by public opinion and the day would soon come when the evil effects of alcohol would be recognized. I have slowly and reluctantly come to believe that this has not been the result. Instead, drinking has generally increased; the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has appeared; many of our best citizens have openly ignored Prohibition; respect for the law has been greatly lessened; and crime has increased to a level never seen before.

As more and more Americans opposed the Eighteenth Amendment, a political movement grew for its repeal. However, repeal was complicated by grassroots politics. Although the U.S. Constitution provides two methods for ratifying constitutional amendments, only one method had been used up until that time; and that was for ratification by the state legislatures of three-fourths of the states. However, the wisdom of the day was that the lawmakers of many states were either beholden to or simply fearful of the temperance lobby. For that reason, when Congress formally proposed the repeal of Prohibition on February 20, 1933 (with the requisite two-thirds having voted in favor in each house; 63 to 21 in the United States Senate and 289 to 121 in the United States House of Representatives), they chose the other ratification method established by Article V, that being via state conventions. The Twenty-first Amendment is, thus far in American history, the only constitutional amendment ratified by state conventions rather than by the state legislatures.

    

Proposal and ratification

The Congress proposed the Twenty-first Amendment on February 20, 1933.

The proposed amendment was adopted on December 5, 1933. It is the only amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions, specially selected for the purpose. All other amendments have been ratified by state legislatures. It is also the only amendment that was approved for the explicit purpose of repealing a previously-existing amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-first Amendment ending national prohibition became officially effective on December 15, though people started drinking openly before that date.

    

in Wikipedia

A Máfia teve a mais original celebração do Dia de São Valentim há 95 anos...

     

O Massacre do Dia de São Valentim ou Massacre do Dia dos Namorados é o nome que ficou conhecido o assassinato de sete pessoas ocorrido a 14 de fevereiro de 1929, durante o período da Lei Seca nos Estados Unidos da América, causado por um conflito entre duas poderosas quadrilhas de Chicago, Illinois. As quadrilhas eram o Gang do Lado Sul, liderada pelo ítalo-americano Al Capone e o Gang do Lado Norte, cujo chefe era o polaco-irlandês Bugs Moran. Membros da Egan's Rats também eram suspeitos de terem participado do massacre, ao lado de Capone.

         

 

O Massacre

Na manhã de 14 de fevereiro de 1929, Dia dos Namorados (Dia de São Valentim), os corpos de seis membros da quadrilha de "Bugs" Moran e mais Reinhardt H. Schwimmer foram encontrados caídos ao lado de um muro da garagem da SMC Cartage Company (Rua North Clark, 2122) no Lincoln Park, Chicago, no Norte da cidade. Eles tinham sido assassinados com vários tiros, provavelmente por criminosos comandados por Al Capone, tanto locais como provavelmente por pistoleiros de fora da cidade. Dois homens que estavam com uniforme de polícias de Chicago foram vistos na garagem na hora do crime, conforme testemunhas. Uma das vítimas, encontrada agonizante, Frank Gusenberg, quando lhe perguntaram sobre quem o havia baleado, respondera: "I'm not gonna talk - nobody shot me" ("Eu não vou falar - ninguém me baleou"). Foram contado 14 ferimentos de bala em seu corpo. Capone tinha saído de férias para a Florida.

A hipótese mais aceita é a de que o massacre foi o resultado do plano da quadrilha de Capone para eliminar Bugs Moran, que se tornara o líder do Gang Norte, após substituir Dion O'Banion, assassinado cinco anos antes. Jack McGurn foi o principal suspeito de ter chefiado o crime. O massacre teria sido planeado por Capone por várias razões: como retaliação por uma tentativa mal-sucedida de Frank Gusenberg e do seu irmão Peter de matarem Jack McGurn no começo do ano, a cumplicidade do Gang Norte no assassinato de Pasqualino "Patsy" Lolordo e Antonio "The Scourge" Lombardo, e a concorrência de Bugs Moran, no contrabando de bebidas, nos subúrbios da cidade.

Foi aceite que os homens do Gang Norte foram à garagem com a promessa da divisão das cargas de uísque de Detroit, fornecidas pela Purple Gang. Contudo, mais recentemente foram aventadas outras hipóteses: observou-se que todas as sete vítimas (exceto o mecânico John May) estavam vestidas com as suas melhores roupas, o que sugeriu que pretendiam viajar com os camiões para buscarem as bebidas. O motivo verdadeiro para o crime, nunca foi conhecido.

Quatro homens que estavam na entrada do prédio, dois vestidos como policiais, foram quem atiraram em Moran e seus comparsas. Antes da chegada de Moran, Capone usara dois pistoleiros não identificados em salas alugadas no armazém do outro lado da rua, para fazerem a vigilância.

Por volta das dez e meia da manhã, quatro homens chegaram ao armazém em dois carros: um Cadillac sedan e um Peerless, ambos com aparência de carros de detetives, donde saíram dois homens vestidos de polícias e dois com roupas civis. O gang de Moran foi ao armazém, mas Moran não teria entrado. Foi dito que Moram se aproximara do local, mas parara ao avistar os carros e saiu dali. Outros diriam que Moran chegara atrasado e por isso não foi morto.

Os assassinos teriam confundido alguns dos homens da garagem como sendo Moran e outros da quadrilha (principalmente Albert Weinshank, que tinha a mesma altura e lembrava Moran). Foi dado o sinal para que os assassinos entrassem no armazém. Os dois falsos polícias, carregando metralhadoras, saíram de Peerless e entraram no prédio por duas portas. Lá dentro eles encontraram os comparsas de Moran, um sexto homem chamado Reinhart Schwimmer, que não era reconhecido como um membro da quadrilha, e John May, mecânico de carros que provavelmente prestava serviço aos bandidos. Os assassinos ordenaram que os homens ficassem em linha junto à parede. Aparentemente não houve resistência, pois devem ter acreditado tratar-se da polícia, fazendo uma exibição para saírem bem nos jornais do dia seguinte.

Então os dois policias abriram a porta que dava para a Rua Clark e os outros dois do Cadillac entraram. As rajadas começaram, vindas de sub-metralhadoras Thompson. Foram contadas setenta cápsulas das armas.

Alertados pelo ladrar de um cão, os moradores chamaram a polícia. O cão de John May, Highball, além de Frank Gusenberg, eram os únicos sobreviventes. As fotos do crime foram tiradas por Jun Fujita e publicadas no Chicago Daily News.

      

 

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Al Capone morreu há 77 anos

  

Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (Nova Iorque, 17 de janeiro de 1899 - Palm Beach, 25 de janeiro de 1947) foi um gângster ítalo-americano que liderou um grupo criminoso dedicado ao contrabando e venda de bebidas, entre outras atividades ilegais, durante a Lei Seca que vigorou nos Estados Unidos nas décadas de 20 e 30. Considerado por muitos como o maior gângster dos Estados Unidos. Al - como era chamado pelo seu círculo íntimo, tinha a alcunha de Scarface ("Cara de Cicatriz"), devido a uma cicatriz no seu rosto, que resultou de uma luta na juventude.

     

Família

Alphonse Gabriel Capone nasceu em 17 de janeiro de 1899, no bairro do Brooklyn, na cidade de Nova Iorque. Os seus pais, Gabriele Capone (1865-1920) e Teresina Raiola (1867-1952), eram imigrantes da Itália. O seu pai era um barbeiro e a sua mãe era uma costureira, ambos nascidos na pequena vila de Angri, província de Salerno.

Al Capone cresceu numa vizinhança muito pobre e pertenceu a pelo menos dois gangues de delinquentes juvenis. Aos catorze anos foi expulso da escola em que cursava o ensino secundário, por agredir um professor. Integrou o grupo Five Points Gang em Manhattan, e trabalhou para o gângster Frank Yale.

Em 1918, Capone conheceu Mae Joséphine Coughlin, de ascendência irlandesa. Em 4 de dezembro de 1918, Mae deu à luz o seu filho, Albert "Sonny" Francis. Capone casou-se com ela no dia 30 de dezembro do mesmo ano.

No ano seguinte, 1919, foi enviado por Frank Yale para Chicago, transferindo-se para lá com a sua família, para uma casa localizada em South Prairie Avenue, 7244, e tornou-se o braço direito do mentor de Yale, John Torrio.

Quando Torrio foi alvejado por rivais de outras gangues, Capone passou a liderar os negócios e rapidamente demonstrou que era melhor para comandar a organização do que Torrio, expandindo o sindicato criminoso para outras cidades entre 1925 e 1930.

Aos 26 anos mostrava-se um homem sem escrúpulos, frio e violento. Em 1929 foi nomeado o homem mais importante do ano, em conjunto com personalidades da importância do físico Albert Einstein e do líder pacifista Mahatma Gandhi.

Capone controlava informantes, pontos de apostas, casas de jogo, bordéis, bancas de apostas em corridas de cavalos, clubes noturnos, destilarias e cervejarias. Chegou a obter 100 milhões de dólares norte-americanos, por ano, durante a Lei Seca, pois foi um dos que mais a desrespeitaram. Por ser promíscuo, acabou contraindo sífilis, o que o obrigava tomar remédios fortes.

Em 1931, foi condenado pela justiça americana, por fuga aos impostos, com onze anos de prisão. A sua pena foi revista em 1939, por causa do seu estado de saúde; ele tinha sífilis e apresentava traços de distúrbios mentais e morreu dessa doença em 1947.

       

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Al Capone nasceu há 125 anos

Alphonsus Gabriel Capone, ou simplesmente Al Capone, (Brooklyn, 17 de janeiro de 1899 - Palm Beach, 25 de janeiro de 1947) foi um gângster ítalo-americano que liderou um grupo criminoso dedicado ao contrabando e venda de bebidas, entre outras atividades ilegais, durante a Lei Seca que vigorou nos Estados Unidos nas décadas de 20 e 30. Considerado por muitos como o maior gângster dos Estados Unidos, Al - como era chamado pelo seu círculo íntimo - tinha a alcunha de Scarface ("Cara de Cicatriz"), devido a uma cicatriz no seu rosto.

 

Família

Alphonse Gabriel Capone nasceu em 17 de janeiro de 1899, no bairro do Brooklyn, na cidade de Nova Iorque. Os seus pais, Gabriele Capone (1865-1920) e Teresina Raiola (1867-1952), eram imigrantes da Itália. O seu pai era um barbeiro e a sua mãe era uma costureira, ambos nascidos na pequena vila de Angri, província de Salerno.

Al Capone cresceu numa vizinhança muito pobre e pertenceu a pelo menos dois gangues de delinquentes juvenis. Aos catorze anos foi expulso da escola em que cursava o ensino secundário, por agredir um professor. Integrou o grupo Five Points Gang em Manhattan, e trabalhou para o gângster Frank Yale.

Em 1918, Capone conheceu Mae Joséphine Coughlin, de ascendência irlandesa. Em 4 de dezembro de 1918, Mae deu à luz o seu filho, Albert "Sonny" Francis. Capone casou-se com ela no dia 30 de dezembro do mesmo ano.

No ano seguinte, 1919, foi enviado por Frank Yale para Chicago, transferindo-se para lá com a sua família, para uma casa localizada em South Prairie Avenue, 7244, e tornou-se o braço direito do mentor de Yale, John Torrio.

Quando Torrio foi alvejado por rivais de outras gangues, Capone passou a liderar os negócios e rapidamente demonstrou que era melhor para comandar a organização do que Torrio, expandindo o sindicato criminoso para outras cidades entre 1925 e 1930.

Aos 26 anos mostrava-se um homem sem escrúpulos, frio e violento. Em 1929 foi nomeado o homem mais importante do ano, em conjunto com personalidades da importância do físico Albert Einstein e do líder pacifista Mahatma Gandhi.

Capone controlava informantes, pontos de apostas, casas de jogo, bordéis, bancas de apostas em corridas de cavalos, clubes noturnos, destilarias e cervejarias. Chegou a obter 100 milhões de dólares norte-americanos, por ano, durante a Lei Seca, pois foi um dos que mais a desrespeitaram. Por ser promíscuo, acabou contraindo sífilis, o que o obrigava tomar remédios fortes.

Em 1931, foi condenado pela justiça americana, por fuga aos impostos, com onze anos de prisão. A sua pena foi revista em 1939, por causa do seu estado de saúde; ele tinha sífilis e apresentava traços de distúrbios mentais e morreu dessa doença em 1947.

 

    

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A Lei Seca norte-americana entrou em vigor há 104 anos

Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a clandestine underground brewery during the Prohibition era

   

Prohibition in the United States (sometimes referred to as the Noble Experiment) was a national ban on the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol, in place from 1920 to 1933. The ban was mandated by the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, and the Volstead Act set down the rules for enforcing the ban, as well as defining which "intoxicating liquors" were prohibited. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, on December 5, 1933.

The Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18, 1917. Having been approved by 36 states, the 18th Amendment was ratified on January 16, 1919 and effected on January 17, 1920.

On November 18, 1918, before the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, the United States Congress passed the temporary Wartime Prohibition Act, which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages having an alcohol content of greater than 2.75%. (This act, which was intended to save grain for the war effort, was passed after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.) The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30, 1919, and July 1, 1919 became widely known as the "Thirsty-First".

Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto on October 28, 1919, and established the legal definition of intoxicating liquor, as well as penalties for producing it. Though the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government did little to enforce it. By 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs.

While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized and widespread criminal activity. The bulk of America became disenchanted after the St. Valentine's Day massacre in 1929. Prohibition became increasingly unpopular during the Great Depression, especially in large cities.

On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law an amendment to the Volstead Act known as the Cullen-Harrison Act, allowing the manufacture and sale of certain kinds of alcoholic beverages. On December 5, 1933, the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment. However, United States federal law still prohibits the manufacture of distilled spirits without meeting numerous licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce spirits for personal beverage use.

 

(...)

Organized crime received a major boost from Prohibition. Mafia groups limited their activities to prostitution, gambling, and theft until 1920, when organized bootlegging manifested in response to the effect of Prohibition. A profitable, often violent, black market for alcohol flourished. Powerful gangs corrupted law enforcement agencies, leading to racketeering. In essence prohibition provided a financial basis for organized crime to flourish. Rather than reducing crime it seemed prohibition had transformed the cities into battlegrounds between opposing bootlegging gangs. In a study of over 30 major U.S cities during the prohibition years of 1920 and 1921, the number of crimes increased by 24%. Additionally, theft and burglaries increased by 9%, homicide by 12.7%, assaults and battery rose by 13%, drug addiction by 44.6% and police department costs rose by 11.4%. It has been speculated that this was largely the result of “black-market violence” as well as law enforcing resources having been diverted elsewhere. Despite the beliefs of the prohibitionist movement that by outlawing alcohol crime would surely be reduced, the reality was that the Volstead Act led to worse social conditions than were experienced prior to prohibition as demonstrated by more lethal forms of alcohol, increased crime rates, and the establishment of a black market dominated by criminal organizations.

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A Lei Seca norte-americana acabou há noventa anos...!

 

Pre-Prohibition saloons were mostly male establishments; post-Prohibition bars catered to both males and females

    

The Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 17, 1920. The Twenty-first amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933. It is unique among the 27 Amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a previous Amendment, and for being the only one to have been ratified by the method of the state ratifying convention.

   

Text

Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

  

Backgroud

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution had ushered in a period of time known as Prohibition, during which the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal. Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 was the crowning achievement of the temperance movement, but it soon proved highly unpopular. Crime rates soared under Prohibition as gangsters, such as Chicago's Al Capone, became rich from a profitable, often violent, black market for alcohol. The federal government was incapable of stemming the tide: enforcement of the Volstead Act proved to be a nearly impossible task and corruption was rife among law enforcement agencies. In 1932, wealthy industrialist John D. Rockefeller, Jr. stated in a letter:

When Prohibition was introduced, I hoped that it would be widely supported by public opinion and the day would soon come when the evil effects of alcohol would be recognized. I have slowly and reluctantly come to believe that this has not been the result. Instead, drinking has generally increased; the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has appeared; many of our best citizens have openly ignored Prohibition; respect for the law has been greatly lessened; and crime has increased to a level never seen before.

As more and more Americans opposed the Eighteenth Amendment, a political movement grew for its repeal. However, repeal was complicated by grassroots politics. Although the U.S. Constitution provides two methods for ratifying constitutional amendments, only one method had been used up until that time; and that was for ratification by the state legislatures of three-fourths of the states. However, the wisdom of the day was that the lawmakers of many states were either beholden to or simply fearful of the temperance lobby. For that reason, when Congress formally proposed the repeal of Prohibition on February 20, 1933 (with the requisite two-thirds having voted in favor in each house; 63 to 21 in the United States Senate and 289 to 121 in the United States House of Representatives), they chose the other ratification method established by Article V, that being via state conventions. The Twenty-first Amendment is, thus far in American history, the only constitutional amendment ratified by state conventions rather than by the state legislatures.

    

Proposal and ratification

The Congress proposed the Twenty-first Amendment on February 20, 1933.

The proposed amendment was adopted on December 5, 1933. It is the only amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions, specially selected for the purpose. All other amendments have been ratified by state legislatures. It is also the only amendment that was approved for the explicit purpose of repealing a previously-existing amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-first Amendment ending national prohibition became officially effective on December 15, though people started drinking openly before that date.

    

in Wikipedia

A mais original celebração do Dia de São Valentim foi há 94 anos

     

O Massacre do Dia de São Valentim ou Massacre do Dia dos Namorados é o nome que ficou conhecido o assassinato de sete pessoas ocorrido a 14 de fevereiro de 1929, durante o período da Lei Seca nos Estados Unidos da América, causado por um conflito entre duas poderosas quadrilhas de Chicago, Illinois. As quadrilhas eram o Gang do Lado Sul, liderada pelo ítalo-americano Al Capone e o Gang do Lado Norte, cujo chefe era o polaco-irlandês Bugs Moran. Membros da Egan's Rats também eram suspeitos de terem participado do massacre, ao lado de Capone.

         

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Al Capone morreu há 76 anos

       

Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (Nova Iorque, 17 de janeiro de 1899 - Palm Beach, 25 de janeiro de 1947) foi um gângster ítalo-americano que liderou um grupo criminoso dedicado ao contrabando e venda de bebidas entre outras atividades ilegais, durante a Lei Seca que vigorou nos Estados Unidos nas décadas de 20 e 30. Considerado por muitos como o maior gângster dos Estados Unidos. Al - como era chamado pelo seu círculo íntimo, tinha a alcunha de Scarface ("Cara de Cicatriz"), devido a uma cicatriz no seu rosto, que resultou de uma luta na juventude.

     

Família

Alphonse Gabriel Capone nasceu em 17 de janeiro de 1899, no bairro do Brooklyn, na cidade de Nova Iorque. Os seus pais, Gabriele Capone (1865-1920) e Teresina Raiola (1867-1952), eram imigrantes da Itália. O seu pai era um barbeiro e a sua mãe era uma costureira, ambos nascidos na pequena vila de Angri, província de Salerno.

Al Capone cresceu numa vizinhança muito pobre e pertenceu a pelo menos dois gangues de delinquentes juvenis. Aos catorze anos foi expulso da escola em que cursava o ensino secundário, por agredir um professor. Integrou o grupo Five Points Gang em Manhattan, e trabalhou para o gângster Frank Yale.

Em 1918, Capone conheceu Mae Joséphine Coughlin, de ascendência irlandesa. Em 4 de dezembro de 1918, Mae deu à luz o seu filho, Albert "Sonny" Francis. Capone casou-se com ela no dia 30 de dezembro do mesmo ano.

No ano seguinte, 1919, foi enviado por Frank Yale para Chicago, transferindo-se para lá com a sua família, para uma casa localizada em South Prairie Avenue, 7244, e tornou-se o braço direito do mentor de Yale, John Torrio.

Quando Torrio foi alvejado por rivais de outras gangues, Capone passou a liderar os negócios e rapidamente demonstrou que era melhor para comandar a organização do que Torrio, expandindo o sindicato criminoso para outras cidades entre 1925 e 1930.

Aos 26 anos mostrava-se um homem sem escrúpulos, frio e violento. Em 1929 foi nomeado o homem mais importante do ano, em conjunto com personalidades da importância do físico Albert Einstein e do líder pacifista Mahatma Gandhi.

Capone controlava informantes, pontos de apostas, casas de jogo, bordéis, bancas de apostas em corridas de cavalos, clubes noturnos, destilarias e cervejarias. Chegou a obter 100 milhões de dólares norte-americanos, por ano, durante a Lei Seca, pois foi um dos que mais a desrespeitaram. Por ser promíscuo, acabou contraindo sífilis, o que o obrigava tomar remédios fortes.

Em 1931, foi condenado pela justiça americana, por fuga aos impostos, com onze anos de prisão. A sua pena foi revista em 1939, por causa do seu estado de saúde; ele tinha sífilis e apresentava traços de distúrbios mentais e morreu dessa doença em 1947.

       

in Wikipédia

A Lei Seca norte-americana começou, oficialmente, há 103 anos

Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a clandestine underground brewery during the Prohibition era

Prohibition in the United States (sometimes referred to as the Noble Experiment) was a national ban on the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol, in place from 1920 to 1933. The ban was mandated by the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, and the Volstead Act set down the rules for enforcing the ban, as well as defining which "intoxicating liquors" were prohibited. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, on December 5, 1933.

The Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18, 1917. Having been approved by 36 states, the 18th Amendment was ratified on January 16, 1919 and effected on January 17, 1920.

On November 18, 1918, before the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, the United States Congress passed the temporary Wartime Prohibition Act, which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages having an alcohol content of greater than 2.75%. (This act, which was intended to save grain for the war effort, was passed after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.) The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30, 1919, and July 1, 1919 became widely known as the "Thirsty-First".

Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto on October 28, 1919, and established the legal definition of intoxicating liquor, as well as penalties for producing it. Though the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government did little to enforce it. By 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs.

While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized and widespread criminal activity. The bulk of America became disenchanted after the St. Valentine's Day massacre in 1929. Prohibition became increasingly unpopular during the Great Depression, especially in large cities.

On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law an amendment to the Volstead Act known as the Cullen-Harrison Act, allowing the manufacture and sale of certain kinds of alcoholic beverages. On December 5, 1933, the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment. However, United States federal law still prohibits the manufacture of distilled spirits without meeting numerous licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce spirits for personal beverage use.

 

(...)

Organized crime received a major boost from Prohibition. Mafia groups limited their activities to prostitution, gambling, and theft until 1920, when organized bootlegging manifested in response to the effect of Prohibition. A profitable, often violent, black market for alcohol flourished. Powerful gangs corrupted law enforcement agencies, leading to racketeering. In essence prohibition provided a financial basis for organized crime to flourish. Rather than reducing crime it seemed prohibition had transformed the cities into battlegrounds between opposing bootlegging gangs. In a study of over 30 major U.S cities during the prohibition years of 1920 and 1921, the number of crimes increased by 24%. Additionally, theft and burglaries increased by 9%, homicide by 12.7%, assaults and battery rose by 13%, drug addiction by 44.6% and police department costs rose by 11.4%. It has been speculated that this was largely the result of “black-market violence” as well as law enforcing resources having been diverted elsewhere. Despite the beliefs of the prohibitionist movement that by outlawing alcohol crime would surely be reduced, the reality was that the Volstead Act led to worse social conditions than were experienced prior to prohibition as demonstrated by more lethal forms of alcohol, increased crime rates, and the establishment of a black market dominated by criminal organizations.

in Wikipédia

Al Capone, o mais célebre mafioso italo-americano, nasceu há 124 anos

   

Alphonsus Gabriel Capone, ou simplesmente Al Capone, (Brooklyn, 17 de janeiro de 1899 - Palm Beach, 25 de janeiro de 1947) foi um gângster ítalo-americano que liderou um grupo criminoso dedicado ao contrabando e venda de bebidas, entre outras atividades ilegais, durante a Lei Seca que vigorou nos Estados Unidos nas décadas de 20 e 30. Considerado por muitos como o maior gângster dos Estados Unidos, Al - como era chamado pelo seu círculo íntimo - tinha a alcunha de Scarface ("Cara de Cicatriz"), devido a uma cicatriz no seu rosto.

    

in Wikipédia

A Lei Seca norte-americana acabou há 89 anos

Pre-Prohibition saloons were mostly male establishments; post-Prohibition bars catered to both males and females

  

The Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 17, 1920. The Twenty-first amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933. It is unique among the 27 Amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a previous Amendment, and for being the only one to have been ratified by the method of the state ratifying convention.

   

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Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

  

Backgroud

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution had ushered in a period of time known as Prohibition, during which the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal. Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 was the crowning achievement of the temperance movement, but it soon proved highly unpopular. Crime rates soared under Prohibition as gangsters, such as Chicago's Al Capone, became rich from a profitable, often violent, black market for alcohol. The federal government was incapable of stemming the tide: enforcement of the Volstead Act proved to be a nearly impossible task and corruption was rife among law enforcement agencies. In 1932, wealthy industrialist John D. Rockefeller, Jr. stated in a letter:

When Prohibition was introduced, I hoped that it would be widely supported by public opinion and the day would soon come when the evil effects of alcohol would be recognized. I have slowly and reluctantly come to believe that this has not been the result. Instead, drinking has generally increased; the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has appeared; many of our best citizens have openly ignored Prohibition; respect for the law has been greatly lessened; and crime has increased to a level never seen before.

As more and more Americans opposed the Eighteenth Amendment, a political movement grew for its repeal. However, repeal was complicated by grassroots politics. Although the U.S. Constitution provides two methods for ratifying constitutional amendments, only one method had been used up until that time; and that was for ratification by the state legislatures of three-fourths of the states. However, the wisdom of the day was that the lawmakers of many states were either beholden to or simply fearful of the temperance lobby. For that reason, when Congress formally proposed the repeal of Prohibition on February 20, 1933 (with the requisite two-thirds having voted in favor in each house; 63 to 21 in the United States Senate and 289 to 121 in the United States House of Representatives), they chose the other ratification method established by Article V, that being via state conventions. The Twenty-first Amendment is, thus far in American history, the only constitutional amendment ratified by state conventions rather than by the state legislatures.

    

Proposal and ratification

The Congress proposed the Twenty-first Amendment on February 20, 1933.

The proposed amendment was adopted on December 5, 1933. It is the only amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions, specially selected for the purpose. All other amendments have been ratified by state legislatures. It is also the only amendment that was approved for the explicit purpose of repealing a previously-existing amendment to the Constitution. The Twenty-first Amendment ending national prohibition became officially effective on December 15, though people started drinking openly before that date.

    

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O Massacre do Dia de São Valentim foi há 93 anos

     

O Massacre do Dia de São Valentim ou Massacre do Dia dos Namorados é o nome que ficou conhecido o assassinato de sete pessoas ocorrido a 14 de fevereiro de 1929, durante o período da Lei Seca nos Estados Unidos da América, causado por um conflito entre duas poderosas quadrilhas de Chicago, Illinois. As quadrilhas eram o Gangue do Lado Sul, liderada pelo ítalo-americano Al Capone e o Gangue do Lado Norte, cujo chefe era o polaco-irlandês Bugs Moran. Membros da Egan's Rats também eram suspeitos de terem participado do massacre, ao lado de Capone.

         

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Al Capone morreu há 75 anos

       

Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (Nova Iorque, 17 de janeiro de 1899 - Palm Beach, 25 de janeiro de 1947) foi um gângster ítalo-americano que liderou um grupo criminoso dedicado ao contrabando e venda de bebidas entre outras atividades ilegais, durante a Lei Seca que vigorou nos Estados Unidos nas décadas de 20 e 30. Considerado por muitos como o maior gângster dos Estados Unidos. Al - como era chamado pelo seu círculo íntimo, tinha a alcunha de Scarface ("Cara de Cicatriz"), devido a uma cicatriz no seu rosto, que resultou de uma luta na juventude.

     

Família

Alphonse Gabriel Capone nasceu em 17 de janeiro de 1899, no bairro do Brooklyn, na cidade de Nova Iorque. Os seus pais, Gabriele Capone (1865-1920) e Teresina Raiola (1867-1952), eram imigrantes da Itália. O seu pai era um barbeiro e a sua mãe era uma costureira, ambos nascidos na pequena vila de Angri, província de Salerno.

Al Capone cresceu numa vizinhança muito pobre e pertenceu a pelo menos dois gangues de delinquentes juvenis. Aos catorze anos foi expulso da escola em que cursava o ensino secundário, por agredir um professor. Integrou o grupo Five Points Gang em Manhattan, e trabalhou para o gângster Frank Yale.

Em 1918, Capone conheceu Mae Joséphine Coughlin, de ascendência irlandesa. Em 4 de dezembro de 1918, Mae deu à luz o seu filho, Albert "Sonny" Francis. Capone casou-se com ela no dia 30 de dezembro do mesmo ano.

No ano seguinte, 1919, foi enviado por Frank Yale para Chicago, transferindo-se para lá com a sua família, para uma casa localizada em South Prairie Avenue, 7244, e tornou-se o braço direito do mentor de Yale, John Torrio.

Quando Torrio foi alvejado por rivais de outras gangues, Capone passou a liderar os negócios e rapidamente demonstrou que era melhor para comandar a organização do que Torrio, expandindo o sindicato criminoso para outras cidades entre 1925 e 1930.

Aos 26 anos mostrava-se um homem sem escrúpulos, frio e violento. Em 1929 foi nomeado o homem mais importante do ano, em conjunto com personalidades da importância do físico Albert Einstein e do líder pacifista Mahatma Gandhi.

Capone controlava informantes, pontos de apostas, casas de jogo, bordéis, bancas de apostas em corridas de cavalos, clubes noturnos, destilarias e cervejarias. Chegou a obter 100 milhões de dólares norte-americanos, por ano, durante a Lei Seca, pois foi um dos que mais a desrespeitaram. Por ser promíscuo, acabou contraindo sífilis, o que o obrigava tomar remédios fortes.

Em 1931, foi condenado pela justiça americana, por fuga aos impostos, com onze anos de prisão. A sua pena foi revista em 1939, por causa do seu estado de saúde; ele tinha sífilis e apresentava traços de distúrbios mentais e morreu dessa doença em 1947.

       

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Al Capone, o mais famoso mafioso italo-americano, nasceu há 123 anos

   

Alphonsus Gabriel Capone, ou simplesmente Al Capone, (Brooklyn, 17 de janeiro de 1899 - Palm Beach, 25 de janeiro de 1947) foi um gângster ítalo-americano que liderou um grupo criminoso dedicado ao contrabando e venda de bebidas, entre outras atividades ilegais, durante a Lei Seca que vigorou nos Estados Unidos nas décadas de 20 e 30. Considerado por muitos como o maior gângster dos Estados Unidos, Al - como era chamado pelo seu círculo íntimo - tinha a alcunha de Scarface ("Cara de Cicatriz"), devido a uma cicatriz no seu rosto.

    

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A Lei Seca americana começou, oficialmente, há 102 anos

Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a clandestine underground brewery during the Prohibition era

Prohibition in the United States (sometimes referred to as the Noble Experiment) was a national ban on the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol, in place from 1920 to 1933. The ban was mandated by the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, and the Volstead Act set down the rules for enforcing the ban, as well as defining which "intoxicating liquors" were prohibited. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, on December 5, 1933.

The Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18, 1917. Having been approved by 36 states, the 18th Amendment was ratified on January 16, 1919 and effected on January 17, 1920.

On November 18, 1918, before the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, the United States Congress passed the temporary Wartime Prohibition Act, which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages having an alcohol content of greater than 2.75%. (This act, which was intended to save grain for the war effort, was passed after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.) The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30, 1919, and July 1, 1919 became widely known as the "Thirsty-First".

Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto on October 28, 1919, and established the legal definition of intoxicating liquor, as well as penalties for producing it. Though the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government did little to enforce it. By 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs.

While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized and widespread criminal activity. The bulk of America became disenchanted after the St. Valentine's Day massacre in 1929. Prohibition became increasingly unpopular during the Great Depression, especially in large cities.

On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law an amendment to the Volstead Act known as the Cullen-Harrison Act, allowing the manufacture and sale of certain kinds of alcoholic beverages. On December 5, 1933, the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment. However, United States federal law still prohibits the manufacture of distilled spirits without meeting numerous licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce spirits for personal beverage use.

 

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Organized crime received a major boost from Prohibition. Mafia groups limited their activities to prostitution, gambling, and theft until 1920, when organized bootlegging manifested in response to the effect of Prohibition. A profitable, often violent, black market for alcohol flourished. Powerful gangs corrupted law enforcement agencies, leading to racketeering. In essence prohibition provided a financial basis for organized crime to flourish. Rather than reducing crime it seemed prohibition had transformed the cities into battlegrounds between opposing bootlegging gangs. In a study of over 30 major U.S cities during the prohibition years of 1920 and 1921, the number of crimes increased by 24%. Additionally, theft and burglaries increased by 9%, homicide by 12.7%, assaults and battery rose by 13%, drug addiction by 44.6% and police department costs rose by 11.4%. It has been speculated that this was largely the result of “black-market violence” as well as law enforcing resources having been diverted elsewhere. Despite the beliefs of the prohibitionist movement that by outlawing alcohol crime would surely be reduced, the reality was that the Volstead Act led to worse social conditions than were experienced prior to prohibition as demonstrated by more lethal forms of alcohol, increased crime rates, and the establishment of a black market dominated by criminal organizations.

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