Caracala morreu há 1809 anos

Marco Aurélio Antonino (nascido Lúcio Septímio Bassiano, em latim Caracalla; perto de Lugduno, 4 de abril de 188 – Mesopotâmia, 8 de abril de 217) foi imperador romano de 198 a 217 d.C. Ele era membro da dinastia dos Severos, filho mais velho do imperador Septímio Severo e da imperatriz Júlia Domna. Severo proclamou Caracala co-governante em 198, fazendo o mesmo com o seu outro filho, Geta, em 209. Após a morte de Severo em 211, os irmãos dividiram brevemente o poder, mas Caracala ordenou o assassinato de Geta pela Guarda Pretoriana, tornando-se o único governante do Império Romano. Júlia Domna teve um papel importante na administração, já que Caracala considerava o governo entediante. O seu reinado foi marcado por instabilidade doméstica e invasões externas de povos germânicos.

Caracala promulgou a Constituição Antonina (em latim: Constitutio Antoniniana), também conhecida como "Edito de Caracala", que concedeu cidadania romana a todos os homens livres em todo o Império. O edito deu a todos os homens emancipados o praenomen e o nomen adotados por Caracala: "Marco Aurélio". Outros pontos importantes de seu reinado incluem a construção das Termas de Caracala, o segundo maior complexo de banhos da história de Roma, a introdução de uma nova moeda romana chamada antoninianus (uma espécie de duplo denário) e os massacres que ordenou, tanto em Roma quanto em outras partes do império. Em 216, Caracala iniciou uma campanha contra o Império Parta, mas foi assassinado por um soldado insatisfeito em 217, antes de concluir a campanha. Macrino o sucedeu como imperador três dias depois.

As fontes antigas retratam Caracala como um tirano cruel. Seus contemporâneos, Cássio Dio (c. 155 – c. 235) e Herodiano (c. 170 – c. 240), o descrevem como um soldado em primeiro lugar e um imperador em segundo. No século XII, Godofredo de Monmouth iniciou a lenda do papel de Caracala como rei da Bretanha. Mais tarde, no século XVIII, obras de pintores franceses reviveram imagens de Caracala devido a paralelos aparentes entre sua tirania e a atribuída ao rei Luís XVI (r. 1774–1792). Obras modernas continuam a retratar Caracala como um governante cruel, frequentemente considerado um dos mais tirânicos de todos os imperadores romanos.

 

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O Imperador Caracala morreu há 1808 anos

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, Lugdunum 4 April 188 – On the road between Edessa and Carrhae, 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla, was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor Septimius Severus and Empress Julia Domna. Proclaimed co-ruler by his father in 198, he reigned jointly with his brother Geta, co-emperor from 209, after their father's death in 211. His brother was murdered by the Praetorian Guard later that year under orders from Caracalla, who then reigned afterwards as sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Caracalla found administration to be mundane, leaving those responsibilities to his mother. Caracalla's reign featured domestic instability and external invasions by the Germanic peoples.

Caracalla's reign became notable for the Antonine Constitution (Latin: Constitutio Antoniniana), also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted Roman citizenship to all free men throughout the Roman Empire. The edict gave all the enfranchised men Caracalla's adopted praenomen and nomen: "Marcus Aurelius". Domestically, Caracalla became known for the construction of the Baths of Caracalla, which became the second-largest baths in Rome; for the introduction of a new Roman currency named the antoninianus, a sort of double denarius; and for the massacres he ordered, both in Rome and elsewhere in the empire. In 216, Caracalla began a campaign against the Parthian Empire. He did not see this campaign through to completion due to his assassination by a disaffected soldier in 217. Macrinus succeeded him as emperor three days later.

The ancient sources portray Caracalla as a tyrant and as a cruel leader, an image that has survived into modernity. His contemporaries Cassius Dio (c. 155 – c. 235) and Herodian (c. 170 – c. 240) present him as a soldier first and an emperor second. In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth started the legend of Caracalla's role as king of Britain. Later, in the 18th century, the works of French painters revived images of Caracalla due to apparent parallels between Caracalla's tyranny and that ascribed to king Louis XVI (r. 1774–1792). Modern works continue to portray Caracalla as an evil ruler, painting him as one of the most tyrannical of all Roman emperors. 

   

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At the beginning of 217, Caracalla was still based at Edessa before renewing hostilities against Parthia. On 8 April 217 Caracalla was travelling to visit a temple near Carrhae, now Harran in southern Turkey, where in 53 BC the Romans had suffered a defeat at the hands of the Parthians. After stopping briefly to urinate, Caracalla was approached by a soldier, Justin Martialis, and stabbed to death. Martialis had been incensed by Caracalla's refusal to grant him the position of centurion, and the praetorian prefect Macrinus, Caracalla's successor, saw the opportunity to use Martialis to end Caracalla's reign. In the immediate aftermath of Caracalla's death, his murderer, Martialis, was killed as well. When Caracalla was murdered, Julia Domna was in Antioch sorting out correspondence, removing unimportant messages from the bunch so that when Caracalla returned, he would not be overburdened with duties. Three days later, Macrinus declared himself emperor with the support of the Roman army.

 

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O Imperador Caracala morreu há 1807 anos

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, Lugdunum 4 April 188 – On the road between Edessa and Carrhae, 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla, was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor Septimius Severus and Empress Julia Domna. Proclaimed co-ruler by his father in 198, he reigned jointly with his brother Geta, co-emperor from 209, after their father's death in 211. His brother was murdered by the Praetorian Guard later that year under orders from Caracalla, who then reigned afterwards as sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Caracalla found administration to be mundane, leaving those responsibilities to his mother. Caracalla's reign featured domestic instability and external invasions by the Germanic peoples.

Caracalla's reign became notable for the Antonine Constitution (Latin: Constitutio Antoniniana), also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted Roman citizenship to all free men throughout the Roman Empire. The edict gave all the enfranchised men Caracalla's adopted praenomen and nomen: "Marcus Aurelius". Domestically, Caracalla became known for the construction of the Baths of Caracalla, which became the second-largest baths in Rome; for the introduction of a new Roman currency named the antoninianus, a sort of double denarius; and for the massacres he ordered, both in Rome and elsewhere in the empire. In 216, Caracalla began a campaign against the Parthian Empire. He did not see this campaign through to completion due to his assassination by a disaffected soldier in 217. Macrinus succeeded him as emperor three days later.

The ancient sources portray Caracalla as a tyrant and as a cruel leader, an image that has survived into modernity. His contemporaries Cassius Dio (c. 155 – c. 235) and Herodian (c. 170 – c. 240) present him as a soldier first and an emperor second. In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth started the legend of Caracalla's role as king of Britain. Later, in the 18th century, the works of French painters revived images of Caracalla due to apparent parallels between Caracalla's tyranny and that ascribed to king Louis XVI (r. 1774–1792). Modern works continue to portray Caracalla as an evil ruler, painting him as one of the most tyrannical of all Roman emperors. 

   

(...)   

    

At the beginning of 217, Caracalla was still based at Edessa before renewing hostilities against Parthia. On 8 April 217 Caracalla was travelling to visit a temple near Carrhae, now Harran in southern Turkey, where in 53 BC the Romans had suffered a defeat at the hands of the Parthians. After stopping briefly to urinate, Caracalla was approached by a soldier, Justin Martialis, and stabbed to death. Martialis had been incensed by Caracalla's refusal to grant him the position of centurion, and the praetorian prefect Macrinus, Caracalla's successor, saw the opportunity to use Martialis to end Caracalla's reign. In the immediate aftermath of Caracalla's death, his murderer, Martialis, was killed as well. When Caracalla was murdered, Julia Domna was in Antioch sorting out correspondence, removing unimportant messages from the bunch so that when Caracalla returned, he would not be overburdened with duties. Three days later, Macrinus declared himself emperor with the support of the Roman army.

 

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O Imperador Caracala morreu há 1806 anos

Caracala (em latimCaracalla; perto de Lugduno, 4 de abril de 188 - Mesopotâmia, 8 de abril de 217) foi imperador romano de 211 até à sua morte.

Ficou conhecido pelo Édito de Caracala em 212 d.C., em que decretou que todos os habitantes livres do Império Romano, onde quer que vivessem, eram cidadãos romanos. Foi uma decisão revolucionária, que eliminou da noite para o dia a diferença legal entre governantes e governados. Mais de 30 milhões de provinciais tornaram-se legalmente romanos. Foi um dos maiores atos isolados de concessão de cidadania da história da humanidade.

 

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O Imperador Caracala foi assassinado há 1805 anos

Caracala (em latim Caracalla; perto de Lugduno, 4 de abril de 188 - Mesopotâmia, 8 de abril de 217) foi imperador romano de 211 até sua morte.

Ficou conhecido pelo Édito de Caracala em 212 d.C., em que decretou que todos os habitantes livres do Império Romano, onde quer que vivessem, eram cidadãos romanos. Foi uma decisão revolucionária, que eliminou da noite para o dia a diferença legal entre governantes e governados. Mais de 30 milhões de provinciais tornaram-se legalmente romanos. Foi um dos maiores atos isolados de concessão de cidadania da história da humanidade.

 

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