Harry Glicken, geólogo especialista em nuvens ardentes, morreu, com uma, há 33 anos...

   

Harry Glicken (Los Angeles, March 7, 1958 – Unzen, June 3, 1991) was an American volcanologist. He researched Mount St. Helens in the United States before and after its famous 1980 eruption, and blamed himself for the death of fellow volcanologist David A. Johnston, who had switched shifts with Glicken so that the latter could attend an interview. In 1991, while conducting avalanche research on Mount Unzen in Japan, Glicken and fellow volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft were killed by a pyroclastic flow. His remains were found four days later, and were cremated in accordance with his parents' request. Glicken and Johnston remain the only American volcanologists known to have died in volcanic eruptions.

Despite a long-term interest in working for the United States Geological Survey, Glicken never received a permanent post there because employees found him eccentric. Conducting independent research from sponsorships granted by the National Science Foundation and other organizations, Glicken accrued expertise in the field of volcanic debris avalanches. He also wrote several major publications on the topic, including his doctoral dissertation based on his research at St. Helens titled "Rockslide-debris Avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington" that initiated widespread interest in the phenomenon. Since being published posthumously by Glicken's colleagues in 1996, the report has been acknowledged by many other publications on debris avalanches. Following his death, Glicken was praised by associates for his love of volcanoes and commitment to his field.

    

in Wikipédia

Vancouver! Vancouver! This is it! - David A. Johnston morreu há quarenta e quatro anos...

The last picture ever taken of Johnston, 13 hours before his death at the eruption site

 

David Alexander Johnston (Chicago, December 18, 1949 – Mount St. Helens, May 18, 1980) was an American United States Geological Survey (USGS) volcanologist who was killed by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in the U.S. state of Washington. A principal scientist on the USGS monitoring team, Johnston was killed in the eruption while manning an observation post six miles (10 km) away on the morning of May 18, 1980. He was the first to report the eruption, transmitting "Vancouver! Vancouver! This is it!" before he was swept away by a lateral blast; despite a thorough search, Johnston's body was never found, but state highway workers discovered remnants of his USGS trailer in 1993.

Johnston's career took him across the United States, where he studied the Augustine Volcano in Alaska, the San Juan volcanic field in Colorado, and long-extinct volcanoes in Michigan. Johnston was a meticulous and talented scientist, known for his analyses of volcanic gases and their relationship to eruptions. This, along with his enthusiasm and positive attitude, made him liked and respected by many co-workers. After his death, other scientists lauded his character, both verbally and in dedications and letters. Johnston felt scientists must do what is necessary, including taking risks, to help protect the public from natural disasters. His work, and that of fellow USGS scientists, convinced authorities to close Mount St. Helens to the public before the 1980 eruption. They maintained the closure despite heavy pressure to re-open the area; their work saved thousands of lives. His story became intertwined with the popular image of volcanic eruptions and their threat to society, and a part of volcanology's history. To date, Johnston, along with his mentee Harry Glicken, is one of two American volcanologists known to have died in a volcanic eruption.

Following his death, Johnston was commemorated in several ways, including a memorial fund established in his name at the University of Washington to fund graduate-level research. Two volcano observatories were established and named after him: one in Vancouver, Washington, and another on the ridge where he died. Johnston's life and death are featured in several documentaries, films, docudramas and books. A biography of his life, A Hero on Mount St. Helens: The Life and Legacy of David A. Johnston, was published 2019.

 

in Wikipédia

O vulcão do Monte Santa Helena assustou-nos há 44 anos...

  

O Monte Santa Helena (em inglês Mount St. Helens) é um vulcão activo que fica no sudoeste do estado norte-americano de Washington, 154 quilómetros a sul de Seattle e a 80 a nordeste de Portland.

Após 127 anos de inactividade o vulcão entrou violentamente em erupção no dia 18 de maio de 1980, às 08.32 horas, locais (hora do Pacífico), matando 57 pessoas e ferindo muitas outras.

Após um tremor de terra de magnitude 5,1 na escala de Richter, o lado norte do monte entrou em violenta erupção, provocando danos ambientais numa área de 550 km². A cinza emanada da erupção provocou problemas respiratórios nos habitantes até 1.550 quilómetros de distância do vulcão.

Como resultado da explosão a altura da cratera do vulcão diminuiu cerca de 400 metros, passando de 2.950 para 2.549 metros, e teve a sua largura aumentada de cerca de dois quilómetros.

  

Tectónica de Placas dos vulcões da Cordilheira das Cascatas

   

in Wikipédia

 

In 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in Washington, in the United States. The eruption (which was a VEI 5 event) was the only significant one to occur in the contiguous 48 US states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope.
Prior to the eruption, USGS scientists convinced local authorities to close Mount St. Helens to the general public and to maintain the closure in spite of pressure to re-open it; their work saved thousands of lives. An earthquake at 8:32:17 a.m. PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock toward Spirit Lake so fast that it overtook the avalanching north face.
An eruption column rose 80,000 feet (24,400 m) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states. At the same time, snow, ice and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted, forming a series of large lahars (volcanic mudslides) that reached as far as the Columbia River, nearly 50 miles (80 km) to the southwest. Less severe outbursts continued into the next day only to be followed by other large but not as destructive eruptions later in 1980.
Fifty-seven people (including innkeeper Harry R. Truman, photographer Reid Blackburn and geologist David A. Johnston) perished. Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland causing over a billion U.S. dollars in damage ($2.74 billion in 2011 dollars), thousands of game animals killed, and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad, but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service. The area was later preserved, as it was, in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.

   

    

in Wikipédia

Há coisas muito estranhas perto de vulcões ativos...

Sim, este lago em forma de coração é real – mas tem uma história mortal

 

 

 

Pode parecer o cenário de um filme ou uma imagem concebida no Photoshop, mas o Spirit Lake é bem real.

Trata-se de um lago em forma de coração, mas com uma história muito pouco romântica a si associada.

Recuando no tempo… o Spirit Lake nem sempre teve o aspeto que atualmente é possível observar nas imagens de satélite.

O lago costumava ser mais parecido com a metade superior de um coração, com os braços leste e oeste apenas estritamente ligados, de acordo com o IFL Science.

O Spirit Lake foi também, em tempos, um destino turístico popular, repleto de nadadores, marinheiros e pescadores que se alojavam nas cabanas e pousas ao seu redor.

Tudo isso mudou com a erupção mortal do Monte St. Helens, que se situa a sudoeste do lago, que ocorreu no dia 18 de maio de 1980.

A erupção levou a um aumento da superfície do lado em cerca de 60 metros e o consequente deslizamento de detritos forçou as suas águas para terras próximas.

Com o tempo e gradualmente, a água voltou a fluir por cima dos detritos, tornando-se um lago mais largo, mais raso e em forma de coração - tal que pode ser visto atualmente.

Para além da sua “anatomia” alterada, o Spirit Lake alberga um tapete de troncos flutuantes arrancados pela erupção e que servem de lembrança do que aconteceu há mais de quatro décadas.

Longe vão os dias em que as águas do lago estavam cheias de turistas, uma vez que agora o acesso é limitado, sendo que a pesca e a natação são estritamente proibidas - embora exista um miradouro que está aberto quando as condições meteorológicas o permitem.

Atualmente, o Spirit Lake está a ser preservado como um laboratório natural para estudar a recuperação de paisagens depois das erupções vulcânicas, sendo o seu tapete de troncos intacto de particular interesse para os investigadores.

“Mais lagos teriam tapetes de troncos, mas muitas vezes os troncos são retirados para recreio e extração de madeira”, disse Jim Gawel, engenheiro ambiental, que estuda o lago.

“Gostaríamos de saber se existem outros lagos no mundo com um grande número de troncos flutuantes para comparar com o Spirit Lake“, concluí.

 

in ZAP

Harry Glicken, geólogo especialista em nuvens ardentes, morreu com uma, há 32 anos...

   

Harry Glicken (March 7, 1958 – June 3, 1991) was an American volcanologist. He researched Mount St. Helens in the United States before and after its famous 1980 eruption, and blamed himself for the death of fellow volcanologist David A. Johnston, who had switched shifts with Glicken so that the latter could attend an interview. In 1991, while conducting avalanche research on Mount Unzen in Japan, Glicken and fellow volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft were killed by a pyroclastic flow. His remains were found four days later, and were cremated in accordance with his parents' request. Glicken and Johnston remain the only American volcanologists known to have died in volcanic eruptions.

Despite a long-term interest in working for the United States Geological Survey, Glicken never received a permanent post there because employees found him eccentric. Conducting independent research from sponsorships granted by the National Science Foundation and other organizations, Glicken accrued expertise in the field of volcanic debris avalanches. He also wrote several major publications on the topic, including his doctoral dissertation based on his research at St. Helens titled "Rockslide-debris Avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington" that initiated widespread interest in the phenomenon. Since being published posthumously by Glicken's colleagues in 1996, the report has been acknowledged by many other publications on debris avalanches. Following his death, Glicken was praised by associates for his love of volcanoes and commitment to his field.

    

in Wikipédia

O vulcão do Monte Santa Helena acordou há 43 anos

  

O Monte Santa Helena (em inglês Mount St. Helens) é um vulcão activo que fica no sudoeste do estado norte-americano de Washington, 154 quilómetros a sul de Seattle e a 80 a nordeste de Portland.

Após 127 anos de inactividade o vulcão entrou violentamente em erupção no dia 18 de maio de 1980, às 08.32 horas, locais (hora do Pacífico), matando 57 pessoas e ferindo muitas outras.

Após um tremor de terra de magnitude 5,1 na escala de Richter, o lado norte do monte entrou em violenta erupção, provocando danos ambientais numa área de 550 km². A cinza emanada da erupção provocou problemas respiratórios nos habitantes até 1.550 quilómetros de distância do vulcão.

Como resultado da explosão a altura da cratera do vulcão diminuiu cerca de 400 metros, passando de 2.950 para 2.549 metros, e teve a sua largura aumentada de cerca de dois quilómetros.

  

Tectónica de Placas dos vulcões da Cordilheira das Cascatas

   

in Wikipédia

 

In 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in Washington, in the United States. The eruption (which was a VEI 5 event) was the only significant one to occur in the contiguous 48 US states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope.
Prior to the eruption, USGS scientists convinced local authorities to close Mount St. Helens to the general public and to maintain the closure in spite of pressure to re-open it; their work saved thousands of lives. An earthquake at 8:32:17 a.m. PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock toward Spirit Lake so fast that it overtook the avalanching north face.
An eruption column rose 80,000 feet (24,400 m) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states. At the same time, snow, ice and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted, forming a series of large lahars (volcanic mudslides) that reached as far as the Columbia River, nearly 50 miles (80 km) to the southwest. Less severe outbursts continued into the next day only to be followed by other large but not as destructive eruptions later in 1980.
Fifty-seven people (including innkeeper Harry R. Truman, photographer Reid Blackburn and geologist David A. Johnston) perished. Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland causing over a billion U.S. dollars in damage ($2.74 billion in 2011 dollars), thousands of game animals killed, and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad, but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service. The area was later preserved, as it was, in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.

   

    

in Wikipédia

O geólogo Harry Glicken, especialista em nuvens ardentes, morreu numa há 31 anos...

   

Harry Glicken (March 7, 1958 – June 3, 1991) was an American volcanologist. He researched Mount St. Helens in the United States before and after its famous 1980 eruption, and blamed himself for the death of fellow volcanologist David A. Johnston, who had switched shifts with Glicken so that the latter could attend an interview. In 1991, while conducting avalanche research on Mount Unzen in Japan, Glicken and fellow volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft were killed by a pyroclastic flow. His remains were found four days later, and were cremated in accordance with his parents' request. Glicken and Johnston remain the only American volcanologists known to have died in volcanic eruptions.

Despite a long-term interest in working for the United States Geological Survey, Glicken never received a permanent post there because employees found him eccentric. Conducting independent research from sponsorships granted by the National Science Foundation and other organizations, Glicken accrued expertise in the field of volcanic debris avalanches. He also wrote several major publications on the topic, including his doctoral dissertation based on his research at St. Helens titled "Rockslide-debris Avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington" that initiated widespread interest in the phenomenon. Since being published posthumously by Glicken's colleagues in 1996, the report has been acknowledged by many other publications on debris avalanches. Following his death, Glicken was praised by associates for his love of volcanoes and commitment to his field.

    

in Wikipédia

Os Kraft, vulcanólogos alsacianos, morreram na erupção do vulcão Unzen há 31 anos...

   

Katia Krafft (Mulhouse, 17 April 1942 – 3 June 1991) and her husband, Maurice Krafft (Guebwiller, 25 March 1946 – 3 June 1991) were French volcanologists who died in a pyroclastic flow on Mount Unzen, in Japan, on June 3, 1991. Their obituary appeared in the Bulletin of Volcanology, (vol. 54, pp 613–614).

Maurice and Katia were known for being pioneers in filming, photographing and recording volcanoes, often getting within feet of lava flows. They met at Strasbourg University, and their career as volcano observers began soon after. With little money, they saved up for a trip to Stromboli and photographed the eruption. Finding that people were interested in this documentation of eruptions, they soon made a career out of this, which afforded them the ability to travel the globe.

The Kraffts were often the first to arrive at an active volcano, and were respected and envied by many volcanologists. Their footage of the effects of volcanic eruptions was a considerable factor in gaining the cooperation of local authorities faced with volcanic threats. One notable example of this was after the onset of activity at Mount Pinatubo in 1991, where their video of the effects of the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia was shown to large numbers of people, including Philippine President Cory Aquino, and convinced many skeptics that evacuation of the area would be necessary.

In June 1991, while filming eruptions at Mount Unzen, they were caught in a pyroclastic flow which unexpectedly swept out of a channel others had been flowing down and onto the ridge they were standing on. They were killed instantly, along with 40 journalists also covering the eruptions.

The work of the Kraffts was highlighted in a video issue of National Geographic, which contained a large amount of their film footage and photographs as well as interviews with both. Maurice is famous for saying in the video that "I am never afraid because I have seen so much eruptions in 23 years that even if I die tomorrow, I don't care," coincidentally on the day before his death. Volcano: Nature's Inferno. [videorecording]. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. 2003.

in Wikipédia

PS - um casal unido em vida (e na morte...) pelo amor aos vulcões...

ADENDA: o vulcanólogo Harry Glicken morreu também neste mesmo dia - curiosamente era quem estava escalado para observar a erupção do Monte de Santa Helena, em 18 de Maio de 1980, data em que se libertou a nuvem ardente que matou o seu substituto, o vulcanólogo David A. Johnston. A morte adiou-lhe a sentença por 11 anos e 16 dias...

O Monte Santa Helena acordou há 42 anos

  

O Monte Santa Helena (em inglês Mount St. Helens) é um vulcão activo que fica no sudoeste do estado norte-americano de Washington, 154 quilómetros a sul de Seattle e a 80 a nordeste de Portland.

Após 127 anos de inactividade o vulcão entrou violentamente em erupção no dia 18 de maio de 1980, às 08.32 horas, locais (hora do Pacífico), matando 57 pessoas e ferindo muitas outras.

Após um tremor de terra de magnitude 5,1 na escala de Richter, o lado norte do monte entrou em violenta erupção, provocando danos ambientais numa área de 550 km². A cinza emanada da erupção provocou problemas respiratórios nos habitantes até 1.550 quilómetros de distância do vulcão.

Como resultado da explosão a altura da cratera do vulcão diminuiu cerca de 400 metros, passando de 2.950 para 2.549 metros, e teve a sua largura aumentada de cerca de dois quilómetros.

  

Tectónica de Placas dos vulcões da Cordilheira das Cascatas

   

in Wikipédia

  
  

Map of eruption deposits

In 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in Washington, in the United States. The eruption (which was a VEI 5 event) was the only significant one to occur in the contiguous 48 US states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope.
Prior to the eruption, USGS scientists convinced local authorities to close Mount St. Helens to the general public and to maintain the closure in spite of pressure to re-open it; their work saved thousands of lives. An earthquake at 8:32:17 a.m. PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock toward Spirit Lake so fast that it overtook the avalanching north face.
An eruption column rose 80,000 feet (24,400 m) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states. At the same time, snow, ice and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted, forming a series of large lahars (volcanic mudslides) that reached as far as the Columbia River, nearly 50 miles (80 km) to the southwest. Less severe outbursts continued into the next day only to be followed by other large but not as destructive eruptions later in 1980.
Fifty-seven people (including innkeeper Harry R. Truman, photographer Reid Blackburn and geologist David A. Johnston) perished. Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland causing over a billion U.S. dollars in damage ($2.74 billion in 2011 dollars), thousands of game animals killed, and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad, but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service. The area was later preserved, as it was, in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.

   

    

in Wikipédia

O geólogo Harry Glicken, especialista em nuvens ardentes, morreu com uma há trinta anos...

   

Harry Glicken (March 7, 1958 – June 3, 1991) was an American volcanologist. He researched Mount St. Helens in the United States before and after its famous 1980 eruption, and blamed himself for the death of fellow volcanologist David A. Johnston, who had switched shifts with Glicken so that the latter could attend an interview. In 1991, while conducting avalanche research on Mount Unzen in Japan, Glicken and fellow volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft were killed by a pyroclastic flow. His remains were found four days later, and were cremated in accordance with his parents' request. Glicken and Johnston remain the only American volcanologists known to have died in volcanic eruptions.

Despite a long-term interest in working for the United States Geological Survey, Glicken never received a permanent post there because employees found him eccentric. Conducting independent research from sponsorships granted by the National Science Foundation and other organizations, Glicken accrued expertise in the field of volcanic debris avalanches. He also wrote several major publications on the topic, including his doctoral dissertation based on his research at St. Helens titled "Rockslide-debris Avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington" that initiated widespread interest in the phenomenon. Since being published posthumously by Glicken's colleagues in 1996, the report has been acknowledged by many other publications on debris avalanches. Following his death, Glicken was praised by associates for his love of volcanoes and commitment to his field.

   

in Wikipédia

A última forte erupção do vulcão do Monte Santa Helena foi há 41 anos

  

O Monte Santa Helena (em inglês Mount St. Helens) é um vulcão activo que fica no sudoeste do estado norte-americano de Washington, 154 quilómetros a sul de Seattle e a 80 a nordeste de Portland.

Após 127 anos de inactividade o vulcão entrou violentamente em erupção no dia 18 de maio de 1980, às 08.32 horas, locais (hora do Pacífico), matando 57 pessoas e ferindo muitas outras.

Após um tremor de terra de magnitude 5,1 na Escala de Richter, o lado norte do monte entrou em violenta erupção, provocando danos ambientais numa área de 550 km². A cinza emanada da erupção provocou problemas respiratórios nos habitantes até 1.550 quilómetros de distância do vulcão.

Como resultado da explosão a altura da cratera do vulcão diminuiu cerca de 400 metros, passando de 2.950 para 2.549 metros, e teve a sua largura aumentada de cerca de dois quilómetros.

  

Tectónica de Placas dos vulcões da Cordilheira das Cascatas

   

in Wikipédia

  
  

Map of eruption deposits

In 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in Washington, in the United States. The eruption (which was a VEI 5 event) was the only significant one to occur in the contiguous 48 US states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope.
Prior to the eruption, USGS scientists convinced local authorities to close Mount St. Helens to the general public and to maintain the closure in spite of pressure to re-open it; their work saved thousands of lives. An earthquake at 8:32:17 a.m. PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock toward Spirit Lake so fast that it overtook the avalanching north face.
An eruption column rose 80,000 feet (24,400 m) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states. At the same time, snow, ice and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted, forming a series of large lahars (volcanic mudslides) that reached as far as the Columbia River, nearly 50 miles (80 km) to the southwest. Less severe outbursts continued into the next day only to be followed by other large but not as destructive eruptions later in 1980.
Fifty-seven people (including innkeeper Harry R. Truman, photographer Reid Blackburn and geologist David A. Johnston) perished. Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland causing over a billion U.S. dollars in damage ($2.74 billion in 2011 dollars), thousands of game animals killed, and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad, but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service. The area was later preserved, as it was, in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.

   

    

in Wikipédia

O vulcão do Monte Santa Helena surpreendeu a América há quarenta anos

O Monte Santa Helena (em inglês Mount St. Helens) é um vulcão activo que fica no sudoeste do estado norte-americano de Washington, 154 quilómetros a sul de Seattle e a 80 a nordeste de Portland.

Após 127 anos de inactividade o vulcão entrou violentamente em erupção no dia 18 de maio de 1980, às 08.32 horas, locais (hora do Pacífico), matando 57 pessoas e ferindo muitas outras.

Após um tremor de terra de 5,1 na Escala de Richter, o lado norte do monte entrou em violenta erupção, provocando danos ambientais numa área de 550 km². A cinza emanada da erupção provocou problemas respiratórios nos habitantes até 1.550 quilómetros de distância do vulcão.

Como resultado da explosão a altura da cratera do vulcão diminuiu cerca de 400 metros, passando de 2.950 para 2.549 metros, e teve a sua largura aumentada de cerca de dois quilómetros.

Tectónica de Placas dos vulcões da Cordilheira das Cascatas

   

in Wikipédia

  
  

Map of eruption deposits

In 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in Washington, in the United States. The eruption (which was a VEI 5 event) was the only significant one to occur in the contiguous 48 US states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope.
Prior to the eruption, USGS scientists convinced local authorities to close Mount St. Helens to the general public and to maintain the closure in spite of pressure to re-open it; their work saved thousands of lives. An earthquake at 8:32:17 a.m. PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock toward Spirit Lake so fast that it overtook the avalanching north face.
An eruption column rose 80,000 feet (24,400 m) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states. At the same time, snow, ice and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted, forming a series of large lahars (volcanic mudslides) that reached as far as the Columbia River, nearly 50 miles (80 km) to the southwest. Less severe outbursts continued into the next day only to be followed by other large but not as destructive eruptions later in 1980.
Fifty-seven people (including innkeeper Harry R. Truman, photographer Reid Blackburn and geologist David A. Johnston) perished. Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland causing over a billion U.S. dollars in damage ($2.74 billion in 2011 dollars), thousands of game animals killed, and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad, but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service. The area was later preserved, as it was, in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.

 

  

in Wikipédia

A última erupção do Monte Santa Helena foi há 39 anos

O Monte Santa Helena (em inglês Mount St. Helens) é um vulcão activo que fica no sudoeste do estado norte-americano de Washington, 154 quilómetros a sul de Seattle e 80 a nordeste de Portland.

Após 127 anos de inactividade o vulcão entrou violentamente em erupção no dia 18 de maio de 1980, às 08.32 horas, locais (hora do Pacífico), matando 57 pessoas e ferindo muitas outras.

Após um tremor de terra de magnitude 5,1 na Escala de Richter, o lado norte do monte entrou em violenta erupção, provocando danos ambientais numa área de 550 km². A cinza emanada da erupção provocou problemas respiratórios nos habitantes até 1.550 quilómetros de distância do vulcão.

Como resultado da explosão a altura da cratera do vulcão diminuiu cerca de 400 metros, passando de 2.950 para 2.549 metros, e teve a sua largura aumentada de cerca de dois quilómetros.

Tectónica de Placas dos vulcões da Cordilheira das Cascatas

   
in Wikipédia

Há 34 anos o vulcão do Monte Santa Helena surpreendeu os americanos com uma erupção castastrófica

O Monte Santa Helena (em inglês Mount St. Helens) é um vulcão activo que fica no sudoeste do estado norte-americano de Washington, 154 quilómetros a sul de Seattle e a 80 a nordeste de Portland.

Após 127 anos de inactividade o vulcão entrou violentamente em erupção no dia 18 de maio de 1980, às 08.32 horas, locais (hora do Pacífico), matando 57 pessoas e ferindo muitas outras.

Após um tremor de terra de 5,1 na Escala de Richter, o lado norte do monte entrou em violenta erupção, provocando danos ambientais numa área de 550 km². A cinza emanada da erupção provocou problemas respiratórios nos habitantes até 1.550 quilómetros de distância do vulcão.

Como resultado da explosão a altura da cratera do vulcão diminuiu cerca de 400 metros, passando de 2.950 para 2.549 metros, e teve a sua largura aumentada de cerca de dois quilómetros.

Tectónica de Placas dos vulcões da Cordilheira das Cascatas

in Wikipédia

O Monte Santa Helena entrou em erupção há 33 anos

O Monte Santa Helena (em inglês Mount St. Helens) é um vulcão activo que fica no sudoeste do estado norte-americano de Washington, 160 quilómetros a sul de Seattle.

Após 127 anos de inatividade o vulcão entrou violentamente em erupção no dia 18 de maio de 1980, às 08.30 horas, matando 57 pessoas e ferindo muitas outras.

Após um tremor de terra de magnitude 5,1 na Escala de Richter, o lado norte do monte entrou em violenta erupção provocando danos ambientais numa área de 550 km². A cinza emanada da erupção provocou problemas respiratórios nos habitantes até 1550 quilómetros de distância do vulcão.

Como resultado da explosão a altura da cratera do vulcão diminuiu cerca de 400 metros, passando de 2950 para 2549 metros, e teve sua largura aumentada em cerca de dois quilómetros.

in Wikipédia

Map of eruption deposits

In 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in Washington, in the United States. The eruption (which was a VEI 5 event) was the only significant one to occur in the contiguous 48 US states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope.
Prior to the eruption, USGS scientists convinced local authorities to close Mount St. Helens to the general public and to maintain the closure in spite of pressure to re-open it; their work saved thousands of lives. An earthquake at 8:32:17 a.m. PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock toward Spirit Lake so fast that it overtook the avalanching north face.
An eruption column rose 80,000 feet (24,400 m) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states. At the same time, snow, ice and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted, forming a series of large lahars (volcanic mudslides) that reached as far as the Columbia River, nearly 50 miles (80 km) to the southwest. Less severe outbursts continued into the next day only to be followed by other large but not as destructive eruptions later in 1980.
Fifty-seven people (including innkeeper Harry R. Truman, photographer Reid Blackburn and geologist David A. Johnston) perished. Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland causing over a billion U.S. dollars in damage ($2.74 billion in 2011 dollars), thousands of game animals killed, and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad, but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service. The area was later preserved, as it was, in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.

in Wikipédia

A erupção do Monte de Santa Helena matou 57 pessoas há 32 anos

1 km steam plume on May 19, 1982, two years after its major eruption

The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, a stratovolcano located in Washington state, in the United States, was a major volcanic eruption. The eruption (which was a VEI 5 event) was the only significant one to occur in the contiguous 48 US states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope.

Prior to the eruption, USGS scientists convinced local authorities to close Mount St. Helens to the general public and to maintain the closure in spite of pressure to re-open it; their work saved thousands of lives. An earthquake at 8:32:17 a.m. PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock toward Spirit Lake so fast that it overtook the avalanching north face.

An eruption column rose 80,000 feet (24,400 m) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states. At the same time, snow, ice and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted, forming a series of large lahars (volcanic mudslides) that reached as far as the Columbia River, nearly fifty miles (eighty kilometers) to the southwest. Less severe outbursts continued into the next day only to be followed by other large but not as destructive eruptions later in 1980.

Fifty-seven people (including innkeeper Harry R. Truman, photographer Reid Blackburn and geologist David A. Johnston) and thousands of animals were killed. Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland, causing over a billion U.S. dollars in damage ($2.74 billion in 2011 dollars), and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad, but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service. The area was later preserved, as it was, in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.

in Wikipédia